근현대 제주도 출가해녀와 입어관행 분쟁

Abstract

'Haenyeo(Women divers)' existing only in Korea and Japan, have the uniqueness as diving business resulting in attracting the attention from the whole world. Diving into the sea out of Jeju or 'Chulga(leaving home) Muljil (diving)' is leaving Jejudo island in order to make much larger money to other areas. Jeju Haenyeo advanced into each local coastal province as well as various areas in foreign countries and had robust activities from during the Japanese colonial rule to the late of 1970s after the liberation. It shows that women divers have had the significant financial values after leaving their hometown and working in the coastal sea areas to make a profit. To summarize this study, it focused firstly on the origins of women divers and the background of their advancements. 'Chulga' is leaving home in order to earn money to other areas. The origins of Jeju women divers started from the time when for the first time they went to Mokdo Island near Busan in the South Gyeongsang Province. The reason of leaving home is because their labor power has gained the recognition as the financial ability due to increased prices of seafood gathered by Haenyeo. And also the change of their diving device including distributing diving binoculars happened resulting in enhancing the productivity more than ever. The Japanese diving businesses with advanced skills exploited competitive seafood such as abalones and sea cucumbers recklessly. Their indiscriminate fishing drained the coastal fishing ground of its resources and caused the decrease of products, which forced Jeju Haenyeo to go to other coastal areas to make money, only to advance into the peninsula's each surrounding sea areas as well as even in the north-east Asia including Japan, China, and Russia. Next, the researcher considered the situations and developments by the certain period such as during the Japanese colonial rule and after the liberation. Usually for two to eight months as one fishing season, ten to fifteen Haenyeo went to other areas following their leader, stayed together, and sent their earned money to their homes in Jeju. During the Japanese occupation of Korea, they served as financial supporters for Jeju economy advancing into the surrounding area around the Korean Peninsula and even Japanese archipelagos. However, they had suffered from a lot of troubles caused by the exploitations from Japanese brokers and their leader. As a matter of worse, the association of Haenyeo fishery became a company dominated one, only to deepen their troubles. After the liberation, as previously done practices, even though they tried to play an important role in poor domestic finances making inroads into each coastal area near the East Sea, the West Sea, and the south coastal line, they faced discords with local fishing businesses such as the dispute of fishing practices. In addition, other examples of exploitation continued to happen: increase of fishing fee by local fishing association, illegal pricing of fishing ground, incompetent operation of the association, and ill-treatment by evil-natured creditors. In the next chapter, the author focused on the changes of Haenyeo caused by the dispute of fishing practices. In modern times, Jeju Haenyeo have collected seashells in unexplored fishing ground. In the late of 19th century, Jeju Haenyeo under the Japanese trade businesses who dominated the fishery surrounding the Korean Peninsula, became encountered great and small struggles with local fishers. After that, fishing dispute with local residents in the South Gyeongsang Province occurred in 1920s became the beginning point for them to be qualified for fishing in that area with a certain fishing fee. Because of that, the number of Haenyeo in 1930s rapidly increased and they extended their domains to each coastal line around the Korean Peninsula and even around the North East South Asia near Japan, China, and Russia. This shows that they served as significant supporters for Jeju economy with more than doubled fishing amount compared to one in diving around Jeju Island. After the liberation, the fishing dispute in the North Gyeongsang district was serious and in 1956, the legal number to fish was confirmed as 1,070 divers under the ruling by the minister of commerce and industry. On the contrary, the number of illegal Haenyeo beyond the rule increased and they concentrated on that area. It was when illegal distance diving struggled fierce exploitations, though, much better income caused the increasing number of divers. In the late of 1960s, after the failure of fishing practices lawsuit, the local sites which admitted the fishing habits became under the restrictions, resulting in reducing the advances into the North Gyeongsang but producing the advances into other districts such as the South Jeolla and the South Gyeongsang Provinces. However, with the increasing illicit divers, the Jeju authorities' plan gained no fruit, only to confirm the significant differences from the statistics between the Jeju local government and the central fisheries cooperative union. Finally, this paper is to disclose the exploitation and the troubles suffered by Haenyeo in the modern and contemporary times and to analyze the developments of Haenyeo in light to the dispute of fishery practices. The consideration of Haenyeo in distance areas serves as the part of the history of Jeju Haenyeo. It can raise the awareness of them even in small remains as a valuable symbol for Jeju residents.