반정량식품섭취빈도 조사지를 이용한 제주지역 일부 노인의 영양섭취량 및 상관요인 연구

Abstract

본 연구는 제주지역에 거주하는 65세 이상의 노인 총 421명(남자 133명, 여자 288명)을 대상으로 신체계측 및 설문조사를 실시하여 노인의 영양섭취실태를 파악하고 영양섭취 상태와 관련된 생활습관, 건강상태, 영양위험지표를 분석하여 제주지역 노인들의 영양섭취상태를 개선하고 복지정책 수립을 위한 기초자료를 마련하고자 수행되었으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

1. 조사대상자의 평균연령은 남자 72.8세, 여자노인 74.5세이고, 대부분이 무학이었고, 남자의 68.4%, 여자의 59.7%가 직업이 있었으며 배우자와의 동거비율과 독거노인의 비율은 비슷한 것으로 나타났다.

2. 남자노인의 흡연율은 19.6%, 음주율은 48.1%, 규칙적인 운동을 하는 경우는 39.1%이었고 여자노인의 경우는 흡연율은 0.4%, 음주율은 5.2%, 규칙적인 운동은 29.9%가 하는 것으로 나타났으며 남녀노인 모두 연령 간 흡연율, 음주율, 운동여부에는 차이가 없었다.

3. 질병 보유율은 남녀노인 모두 높았으며 남자노인은 연령 간 질병보유율 및 보유개수에 유의한 차이가 있는 반면 여자노인은 차이는 없었고, 가장 많이 앓고 있는 질병은 관절염(58.2%)과 고혈압(45.9%)이었다. 수행능력은 남자노인의 84.2%, 여자노인의 72.9%가 독립적으로 할 수 있다고 하였고 여자노인은 80세 이상에서 독립적 비율이 감소하였다. 인지기능은 남녀노인 모두 정상범위에 속하였으나 여자노인은 연령 간 치매 유병율에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 우울증 유병율은 남녀노인에게 있어 연령 간 차이는 없었다.

4. 조사대상자의 평균 신장 및 체중은 남자노인 163.5㎝, 64.1㎏, 여자노인은 150.1㎝, 54.3㎏ 이었다. 남자노인은 연령 간 근육량에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 여자노인은 신장, 체중, 체질량지수, 근육량, 수축기혈압에 유의한 차이가 있었다.

5. 16개의 영양위험지표 보유수를 연령별 분석한 결과 남자노인은 연령에 따른 차이가 없었으나 여자노인은 80세 이상에서 가장 높았다. 가장 많이 가지고 있는 영양위험요인은 약물복용과 치아 문제로 인한 음식 섭취 장애이었다.

6. 식품섭취빈도조사지를 이용하여 영양소 및 식품 섭취량을 조사한 결과 남자노인의 평균 열량 섭취량은 1914.3kcal 이었고, 80세 이상에서 단백질, 인, 비타민 B1을 가장 적게 섭취하였다. 여자노인의 평균 열량 섭취량은1600.8kcal 이었고, 연령 간 나트륨을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비율(CPF)은 남자노인 64.2% : 16.3% : 19.5% 이었고, 여자노인은 67.5% : 15.8% : 16.7%이었으며 남녀 노인 모두 연령 간 차이는 없었다. 영양섭취상태를 연령별로 비교한 결과 남자노인은 모든 영양소에서 연령 간 차이가 없었고, 여자노인은 단백질, 인, 철분, 티아민, 나이아신, 비타민 C 섭취에 있어 유의한 차이가 있었다. 남자노인의 총 식품섭취량은 1347.8g, 여자노인은 1107.6g 이었고 남녀 모두 연령 간 유의한 차이가 있었다.

7. 조사대상자들의 영양 섭취량에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석한 결과 남자노인은 흡연과 영양위험지표 보유수, 여자노인은 우울증과 영양위험지표 보유수에 따라 영양소 및 식품섭취량이 감소하여 유의한 차이가 있었다.

이상과 같이 제주지역 노인들의 영양섭취실태 및 섭취량에 영향을 주는 요인들을 조사한 결과 남녀노인의 영양소 및 식품섭취량에는 연령 간 차이가 있었고, 여자노인의 경우 75세 이후 섭취량이 감소하였으며 영양 섭취량에 영향을 받는 인자가 더 많은 것으로 조사되었으며 특히 우울증과 영양위험지표 보유수에 따라서 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 여성노인이면서 고령자, 우울증상을 보이는 노인, 영양위험지표가 높은 노인들을 대상으로 노인복지 및 영양지원 정책이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

This research took a total of 421 seniors (133 males, 288 females) over 65 years old who reside in the Jeju area as the target group and carried out a physical check-up as well as a survey to grasp their nutrient intake status. By analyzing their lifestyle, health status and nutrient deficiency index, it is hoped that through this research, their nutrient intake status can be reformed and a basic data be developed to establish their social welfare policy. The following is a summary of the research findings.

1. The average age of the target group were 72.8 for males and 74.5 for females. Most of them were poorly educated and 68.4% of the men and 59.7% of the women had jobs. The ratio of seniors living with a spouse and those without were shown to be similar.

2. The smoking rate of the male seniors was 19.6%, drinking rate 48.1%, and regularity of daily exercise was 39.1%. In the case of female seniors, smoking rate was 0.4%, smoking rate 5.2%, and regularity of daily exercise was 29.9%. Both male and female seniors did not show a huge disparity between age groups in terms of smoking, drinking and regularity of exercise rates.

3. The percentage of seniors carrying diseases were both high for males and females. In the case of male seniors, there was a significant difference between age groups in terms of the percentage of diseases and the number of diseases. On the other hand, the women seniors had not much difference in the same area. The highest number of diseases being suffered was arthritis (58.2%) and high blood pressure (45.9%). 84.2% of the male seniors and 72.9% of the female seniors replied that they could move about independently. This independency rate declined for female seniors over the age of 80. Cognitive ability for both men and women were normal but for female seniors, there was a significant difference between age groups for suffering dementia. As for depression, there was no difference between age groups for both male and female suffering from it.

4. The average height and weight of the target group were 163.5㎝ and 64.1㎏ for male seniors and 150.1㎝ and 54.3㎏ for female seniors. There was a significant difference for male seniors between age groups for muscle mass and there was a significant difference for height, weight, body mass index, muscle mass and rise and fall of blood pressure for female seniors.

5. After analyzing the results of the 16 nutrient deficiency index for the number of possessed deficiencies, the male seniors showed no difference between age groups but it was the highest for female seniors over the age of 80. The highest deficiency element possessed by them were drug dosages and difficulty in chewing food due to teeth problems.

6. By using the food intake frequency surveys, the nutrient intake and their amount was investigated into. The results showed that the average calorie intake for male seniors was 1914.3kcal. The 80 and over seniors took in the least amount of protein, phosphorus, and vitamin B1. The average calorie intake for female seniors was 1600.8kcal. They showed a significant difference in all nutrients between age groups except sodium. The carbohydrate, protein and fats (CPF) percentage for the whole energy intake was 64.2% : 16.3% : 19.5% for the male seniors, and 67.5% : 15.8% : 16.7% for the female seniors. There was no difference between age groups in both males and females. As a result of comparing the nutrient intake status between different age groups, the male seniors showed no difference between age groups whereas the female seniors showed significant difference in protein, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, niacin and vitamin C intakes. The total amount of food intake amount for male seniors was 1347.8g, and 1107.6g for female seniors. There was a significant difference between age groups.

7. As a result of analyzing the elements which affect the amount of nutrient intake, there was a significant difference in decreased food intake amount according to depression and the number of nutrient deficiency index for the male seniors whereas maladies, depression and the number of nutrient deficiency index applied in the case of the female seniors.

As it can be seen from the above findings, as a result of investigating the elements which affect the Jeju seniors in their nutrient intake status and amount, there was a difference in age groups in terms of nutrients and the amount of food intake for both males and females. In the case of female seniors, the amount of food intake decreased after the age of 75. Furthermore, it was found that there were more factors which were affected by the nutrient intake. Especially, it was found to have a big effect depending on the number of nutrient deficiency index and depression they possessed. Therefore, it is my recommendation that the authorities should come up with a policy in the future which caters to the social welfare and nutrition support for those particular female seniors who are really advanced in age, have diseases and those who show signs of depression, and those who are high in nutrient deficiency index.