장기간 유기농업이 경제성과 생태환경에 미치는 효과

Abstract

본 연구는 1996년부터 2009년까지 14년 동안 생태유기농업을 지속한 청초밭영농조합법인의 사례를 분석한 것이다. 청초밭영농조합법인은 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 표선면 성읍리에 위치해 있으며, 총면적은 885.7 ha이며 이 중에 320 ha에서 45개 품목이 국립농산물품질관리원으로부터 유기재배 인증을 받아 운영하고 있다. 청초밭영농조합의 유기재배 인증면적은 전국의 2.7%이며, 제주특별자치도의 29%를 차지하고 있다. 유기재배를 위한 퇴비는 제주도내 자연산 생선부산물, 나무 파쇄목, 바닷가, 해초, 가시파래 및 자체에서 발생하는 유기축산 부산물을 혼합하여 부산물퇴비로 활용하였다. 소, 흑돼지, 육계, 산란계 등이 유기축산 인증을 받아 사육하고 있으며, 거위를 이용하여 야생 유기녹차밭를 재배하고 있다. 야생 유기녹차는 IFOAM과 USDA 인증을 준비 중에 있다. 녹비작물은 호밀, 자운영, 헤어리벳치 등을 이용하였다. 작물의 재배기간에는 자가제조한 퇴비 외에 유묘기에는 액상 미네랄, 생선어액, 현미식초를 사용하였으며, 성장기에는 광합성 미생물, 산야초액, 청초액비, 개화기에는 현미식초, 천연 인산칼슘, 생식성장기에는 각종 미네랄, 천연 칼슘 및 병해충 방제액을 사용하여 관리하였다. 주요 병해충은 우유액, 나팔꽃, 협죽도, 결명자 풀액, 금련화, 마취목, 산초, 금잔화, 마늘기계유, 마늘 식초, 난황유 등의 자체 제조액을 이용하여 방제하였다. 청초밭영농조합법인에서 유기재배로 생산한 무, 대파, 당근은 관행재배에 비해 생산량이 61 - 63%, 경영비 170 - 174%, 판매가격 207 - 318%로 조수입은 130 - 194% 증가하였다. 반면에 주요 자재 투입비는 관행재배에 비해 종묘비 112%, 비료관리 비용은 270%, 병해충 방제비용 240%, 농기구 등 150%, 고용 노력비 211%로 관행재배에 비해 현저히 많이 소요되었다. 청초밭영농조합법인의 한우의 두당 생산비는 9,657천원이었으나 판매가격은 12,710천원으로 관행 사육에 비해 224%, 일반 유기재배에 비해 121% 높아 전체적으로 순수익이 증가하였다. 돼지의 경우도 생산비는 관행재배에 비해 351%, 유기재배에 비해 188% 높았으나 비육돈 판매가격이 관행재배에 비해 351%, 유기재배에 비해 168% 높아 순수익은 관행재배에 비해 240% 높았다. 이와 같이 청초밭영농조합법인의 수익성은 육계에서도 비슷한 경향으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 유기농재배를 14년간 수행한 청초밭영농조합법인 주변의 잡초는 83종으로 조사되었으며, 유기재배 녹차밭의 곤충도 잠자리목, 메뚜기목, 노린재목, 딱정벌레목 및 나비목이 계절에 따라 나타나고 있다. 이를 이용하여 야생동물 관찰, 주변생태 관찰, 곶자왈 탐험, 억새밭 생태 관찰, 저녁 일몰 관찰 등의 생태체험 학습장 및 파종, 열매 수확 등의 영농 체험장을 운영하고 있다. 따라서 농자재를 전량 자체에서 생산하여 자원순환형으로 운영하고 있는 청초밭영농조합법인의 장기간 유기재배는 생산비는 관행재배 및 비교 유기재배에 비해 많이 소요되었으나 소득이 높고 주변 생태계가 매우 우수한 것으로 조사되었다.

This study describes organic cultural practices that have been established by Cheong Cho Bat Farming Association (CCBFA) over 14 years since 1996. The CCBFA that includes a total crop area of 885.7 ha is located in Seongeup-ri, Pyosun-eup, Seogwipo-city, Jeju special self governing province: among the area, total 45 crop items in 320 ha were certified as organic agricultural products from the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Korea. The certified organic area account for 2.7% of the whole country, with occupying 29% of Jeju province. Organic fertilizers were obtained by composting the by-product of fishes, wood chips, seaweeds, and sea lettuces in Jeju nature, as well as completely fermented manure from organic livestock which is produced in CCBFA itself. Organic livestock such as cattle, black pork pig, broiler, and laying hen has been operated and certified officially. Especially, geese are used for weed control agent in organic wild green tea cultivation. The wild green tea is in the precess of certification from IFOAM and USDA. Rye, milk vetch, and hairy vetch have been used as green manure sources. In addition to using the composts that are made in CCBFA itself, supplemental fertilizers were supplied: liquefied mineral, fish emulsion and brown rice vinegar during seedling stage; photosynthetic bacteria, wild weeds emulsion and green grass-based soluble fertilizer during vegetative growth stage; brown rice vinegar and natural calcium phosphate during blooming stage; various minerals and natural calciums during reproductive stage. Also various bio-pesticides were used for pest management: the extracts of morning glory, rosebay, golden shower, tropaeolum, Japanese andromeda, japanese pepper and pot marigold; machine oil with garlic, garlic vinegar, milk, and egg yolk oil. The organic production efficiency of radish, green onion and carrot in CCBFA was ranged in 61 - 63% for total yield, 170 - 174% for production cost, and 207 - 318% for sales price compared with those of conventional cultivation, resulting in the increasement of 130 - 194% in income. However, much higher production costs were required for CCBFA production: 112% in seeds and saplings, 270% in fertilizers, 240% in pest management, 150% in farming machines and tools, and 211% in employed labors. The production cost of Korean beef cattle in CCBFA was 9,657,000 won per head that showed much higher cost than that of conventional livestock, but net income increased because of much higher sales price that went up 224 and 121% compared with those of conventional and other neighboring organic cattle production, respectively. Also, the production cost of pork pig was much higher that reached 351% than conventional and 188% than organic production. However, the net income was higher as 240% than conventional because of much higher sales price that went up 351 and 168% compared with those of conventional and other neighboring organic pig production, respectively. Furthermore, a similar trend in income profile was occurred in the production of broilers. As a result of organic cultivation for 14 years, total 83 species of weeds were found around the fields of CCBFA. Also, insect fauna has been established seasonally, with insects belong to Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, coleoptera and Lepidoptera. At present, CCBFA surroundings are provided as learning places for eco-experience such as Gotjawal exploration, observation of wild lifes, silver grass and sunset, as well as learning places for agricultural experience such as sowing and harvest. Consequently, the organic production system of CCBFA in which all materials for farming are produced and cycled without off-farm inputs has achieved a sustainable net income and better sound ecosystem, although the production costs were higher than those of conventional and comparative organic farms.