조선후기 제주도 진상에 관한 연구

Abstract

The national finance in Joseon Dynasty consisted largely of 'Jeonse (land fee)', 'Yangyeok(compulsory labor)', and 'Gongnap(tributary payment)'. The tributary payment divided into 'Gongmul(specified offering)' and 'Jinsang(presents to the palace)'. First, Gongmul has two meanings as a kind of payment: offering objects instead of another tax items and local products in kind as previously designated. The latter one called Jinsang is to present the native products from each village to the diverse palaces. Among them, Jinsang is only to be presented to the King?s palace and the Queen's palace. Ones except them were called Gongsang to be present to the other palaces. In addition, offering to the gods was called Cheonshin for the rituals in 'Jongmyo(the ancestral shrine of the royal family)' 'Wonmyo(the repeatedly built shrine)', and 'Byeolmyo(the separately built shrine)'. Jinsang largely includes Gongmul, Gongsang, and Cheonshin and has the same meaning as the Gongheon which presents offering from the bottom to the top. Jinsang first conducted since the Goryeo Dynasty was improved in Joseon Dynasty and had continued to even the late period of Joseon Dynasty. While Gongmul was levied primarily to meet the demand from the central government, Jinsang was unlike Gongmul, the concept of offering only to be presented to the king. Jinsang was for local governors such as each local provincial governor, and district ministers including the heads of arms and war horses and the naval forces to present offering to each department in the palace as the symbol of loyalty. The truth is that Jinsang was a kind of compulsory duty like Jeonse and Gongmul to be levied on local households which was seriously strict because it was for the king and the royal shrine. And also its variety and magnitude had been increasingly extended with the change of times. What levied on Jejudo among various Jinsang were food ingredients, women's merchandise items, materials for sacrificial rites, and medicinal stuff. And there were also offering for the central government periodically as well as for the local government in cases of the local governor and other subordinate governor?s new arrival and remaining. Jejudo had had few items of Jinsang before the third year of Sejong in 1421 in the early age of Joseon Dynasty: five kinds of tangerines, two kinds of medicines, four kinds of abalones, and cuttlefish. Since the Sejong government when the list for Jinsang became completed, the Jinsang items from Jejudo were systematically presented being sealed, in particular among them, the principal products of Jejudo such as horses and cows, tangerines, seafood, and medicinal stuff were sealed and presented up to the enormous amount. In the late period of Joseon Dynasty, the types and amount of Jinsang from Jejudo varied and were numerous respectively. Since the enforcement of 'DaedongBeop(the law to force grain to be presented instead of products in kind)' in the middle period of Joseon Dynasty, even though the public offering payment had changed to grain payment nationwide, there was no changes to offer products in kind in Jejudo. Rather, in the late period of Joseon Dynasty, Jinsang items from Jejudo varied caused by systematical operation. Due to the diversification and large numbers of Jinsang items, officials in charge would avoid their job not overcoming the overwhelming tasks. And except charged officials, Jejudo residents also suffered from exploitations caused by too many Jinsang items imposed on them. Additionally, there were a lot of troubles of Jejudo people: re-imposition caused by that drifted or sank tribute vessels would make 'Jinsang' items insufficient and spoiled, the pressure to levy Jinsang products despite during the farming season, and the exploitation by the officials in charge under the plea of public tasks. Accordingly, in the late period of Joseon Dynasty, Jinsang in Jejudo yet occupied the large proportion of the total tax system as well as became a bone of manifold evil practices in Jeju residents? livelihood.