Smoking Effects on Cyclic Variation in Blood Echogenicity from Carotid Artery
- Abstract
- The dynamic changes of echogenicity in common carotid artery was first observed from coded harmonic images by LOGIQ 700 Expert GE ultrasound system (GE, Milwaukee, WI, USA) by Paeng et al [1]. The observed variation in echogenicty was related with the dynamic change of red blood cell (RBC) aggregate during a cardiac cycle. Coded harmonic image was suggested as a better means in characterizing RBC aggregation [1]. In this research, the cyclic variation in echogenicity (CVE) was observed in the transverse section of the common carotid artery through another commercialized ultrasound system (Voluson e, GE). In order to confirm that the increased harmonic echogenicity is mainly from RBC aggregation, the harmonic images from porcine whole blood and RBC suspension were measured as a function of flow speed under steady flow in a mock flow loop. Harmonic echogenicity from porcine whole blood decreased exponentially with flow speed at lower speed while the one from RBC suspension did not vary with flow speed. These are in agreement with previous results from another ultrasound system of GE LOGIQ 700 Expert [1]. Thus, shear rate dependent RBC aggregation is a determining factor in dynamic changes of echogenicity, and validates that the coded harmonic echogenicity measured from this commercialized ultrasound system reflects the variation of RBC aggregation in vivo.
To better understand this observed CVE, the amplitude of CVE (Acve) was analyzed among 28 smokers before and after smoking. Smoking has acute effects on AcveandacutechangesinAcveinducedbysmokingaredifferentbetweenheavysmokers and light smokers. The increase in Acve after smoking was significantly higher in the heavy smokers (4.98±4.26) compared with light smokers (-0.3±3.01). Moreover, Acve and minimum echogenicity in a cycle (Mcve)were compared among 17 nonsmokers, 11 light smokers, and 17 heavy smokers. The effects of tissue attenuation on Acve and Mcve were compensated with body mass index (BMI). Compensated Acve is significantly higher in heavy smokers (36.7±9.5) and light smokers (35.2±5.1) compared with nonsmokers (29.3±7.9;P<0.05). However, there is no significant difference for compensated Mcve among three groups.
This study is the first measurement and analysis of in vivo change of CVE in blood due to smoking using harmonic images collected by a GE Voluson e ultrasound system. The effects of smoking on CVE were discussed with hemodynamic and hematological changes caused by smoking. The change of CVE induced by smoking was suggested as a reflection of the change of RBC aggregation tendency. The potential of A'cvetoestimateRBCaggregationinvivo was also presented in this thesis.
- Issued Date
- 2011
- Type
- Dissertation
- Alternative Author(s)
- Ying Li
- Affiliation
- 제주대학교
- Department
- 대학원 해양정보시스템공학과
- Advisor
- 팽동국
- Table Of Contents
- LIST OF FIGURES .............................i
LIST OF TABLES ...............................v SUMMARY ..........................................vi
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................1
1.1 Background..................................1
1.2 Previous studies ..............................7
1.3 Specific Aims ................................10
1.4 Thesis Outline ...............................11
Chapter 2 Background knowledge ........12
2.1 Blood properties ............................12
2.2 Ultrasonic scattering from blood ......................12
2.3 Modeling of ultrasonic scattering from blood .........14
2.4 Harmonic imaging ......................15
Chapter 3 Origin of the cyclic variation in echogenicity from blood ......................19
3.1 Introduction ..................................19
3.2 Materials and Methods ................20
3.3 Results ............................................25
3.4 Discussion .....................................28
3.5 Conclusion .....................................35
Chapter 4 The amplitude index of cyclic variation of echogenicity: Acve......................36
4.1 Introduction ....................................36
4.2 Method ...........................................37
4.3 Discussion ......................................43
4.4 Conclusion ....................................44
Chapter 5 The acute effects of smoking on Acve ...........45
5.1 Introduction ..................................45
5.2 Methods ........................................46
5.3 Results ...........................................48
5.4 Discussion .....................................54
5.5 Conclusions ...................................58
Chapter 6 The difference of Acve between smokers and nonsmokers ..................59
6.1 Introduction ...................................59
6.2 Methods ......................................60
6.3 Results ........................................64
6.4 Discussion ...................................68
6.5 Conclusion .................................71
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Suggestions .......................72
7.1 Conclusions ................................72
7.2 Suggestions ..............................74 Bibliography .....................................75
- Degree
- Doctor
- Publisher
- 제주대학교 대학원
- Citation
- 이잉. (2011). Smoking Effects on Cyclic Variation in Blood Echogenicity from Carotid Artery
- Appears in Collections:
- Faculty of Earth and Marine Convergence > Ocean System
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