조선시대 한라산 유산기와 등람 연구

Abstract

Since ancient times, Halla Mountain has been revered as a holy place with its status of being a guardian mountain. As for Baekrokdam which is the crater at the top, it has maintained its pristine beauty and mystery. Through the geographical explanations that appear about Halla Mountain and Baekrokdam in old records, these aspects of the mountain are obvious. Based on these reasons, the ancient people revered the mountain while at the same time wished to make a pilgrimage climb at least once in their lifetime. This paper has attempted to analyze the historical and cultural scenic landscapes as well as the natural heritage that exists at the summit along with the records of climbing journeys based on a total of 13 heritage records written during the sojourn of the Jeju Governor, administrators and scholars on their hike up to Halla Mountain. The related historical records that have come under scrutiny are mostly records written by literary scholars who had been exiled to Jeju or government appointed officials and not the Jeju people. Only one record exists that was written directly by a Jeju resident. A literary record about climbing in the 16th Century written by Yim Jae exists to this day, while 5 records written about the pleasures of hiking by Kim Sang-heon, Kim Chi, Yi Jeung, Kim Sung-gu and Yi Yick-tae in the 17th Century has been passed down. As for the 18th Century, 3 such records exist by Yi Hyeong-sang, Yi Hae-jo, and Jo Kwan-bin while in the 19th Century, a total of 4 records exist which includes a painting by Yoon Jae-hong, and 3 other records written by Yi Won-jo, Choi Yick-hyeon and Kim Hee-jung can be seen. First, if we were to look closely at the special characteristics of the recorders of these logs, the people who were serving as Jeju administrators included Kim Sang-heon, Kim Chi, Yi Jeung, Kim Sung-gu, Yi Yick-tae, Yi Hyeong-sang, Yi Hae-jo, Yoon Jae-hong, and Yi Won-jo. Kim Hee-jung was a literary figure who was from Jeju. Yim Jae was a sojourner to Jeju while Kim Jung, Jo Kwan-bin and Choi Yick-hyun had all been exiled to Jeju. In short, other than Kim Hee-jung the sole Jejuite, the 12 other loggers were outsiders from the mainland. If we then turn our attention to the ages of the climbers to Halla Mountain, 3 were in their 30's, 4 in their 40's, another 4 in their 50's while 2 were in their 60's. The purpose of the writing ranged from an administrative report as a governor on an official trip, a personal log about the impressions of the landscape sightseeing and introducing the natural customs and environment of Jeju. Secondly, if we were to take a specific look at each individual's climbing log and hiking schedule, the number one motivation to climb was landscape sightseeing followed by climbing as one of the participants of the Halla Mountain Religious Ritual, and finally climbing to record the first hand experience regarding the natural environment. The people who climbed for the sheer pleasure of landscape sightseeing was mostly done by Yim Jae, Yoon Jae-hong, Yi Won-jo, Choi Yick-hyun and Kim Hee-jung while the people who climbed on official duties as the ceremonial overseer included Kim Sang-heon, Yi Jung and Yi Hae-jo. Yi Hyeong-san on the other hand, climbed mostly for the purpose to record his impressions and experiences about the natural environment. The people who mostly accompanied them were Jeju administrative officials, acquaintances, forest rangers or hunters and under their guide, they climbed the mountains to execute the mountain religious rite or to fulfil their missions. In addition, monks who presided in mountain temples were also part of the guide system. As for accommodation, they usually stayed at the temple built within the mountain, but in the case where this option was not feasible, they would set up tents or slept outdoors between the rocks as shelters fighting the cold. In the case where they were climbing to hold the religious rite, they would stay at the foot of the Baekrokdam crater wall or inside the crater showing how dedicated they were in terms of spending as much as time devoting themselves to the preparation of the actual ceremony. For transportation, they usually rode horses to go as far as the high crater walls of the Baekrokdam. In places where it was difficult for horses to go, they would sometimes use palanquins. From the crater wall to the Baekrokdam summit, they would climb precariously on the footpath using hiking staffs. Judging from this, even though the height of Halla Mountain was quite high, it was made a little easier because horses were used mostly in climbing. Thirdly, if we take a look at the main hiking routes of Halla Mountain during the Joseon Dynasty, the two main routes that were used were the western route which goes via Yeongsil Rocks which has the best view of the Halla rock valley formations and the northern route which goes from the Jeju Administration Building towards Halla Mountain. However, it appears that the eastern and the southern route were also used from time to time. Judging from these facts, the climbing route that was mostly used was the western route that started off from the Jeju Government Building of Halla Mountain towards Yeongsil and it was also revealed that there were a lot of differences back then from the current Yeongsil climbing route of the Halla Mountain National Park. Fourthly, there is a plethora of information that tells us about how Halla Mountain looked at the time of these climbing adventures; Baekrokdam which comes under the category of natural scenic landscape, the 500 General Rocks and Yeongsil Rock Formation, Jwaseon Rock and Suhaeng Cave, Hyeolmang Peak as well as the awareness about the vegetation, climate and weather of Halla Mountain. In addition, the city plan of Jeju's Sam-eup (village) which comes under the category of historical cultural landscape, Jonja Rock, Suhaeng Cave and Duta Temple which comes under the category of Buddhist ruins, as well as the negative conception about monks during those days, the Canopus Star and Bangam Rock, Halla Mountain Religious Ritual and rain rituals, and finally the existence of the Big Dipper Towers all show that the Jeju residents were using Halla Mountain and being aware of it in a variety of ways even during the days of Joseon Dynasty. This paper has significance in that it puts some light on what the journey and awareness was like for the literary figures in Jeju during that time while climbing Halla Mountain by analyzing the annals written during the Joseon Dynasty. Secondly, through a closer inspection of the natural landscape of Halla Mountain and the historical and cultural elements that are mentioned in the records, there is certainly a great deal of research significance in that it could give motivation to look closer at the old names and scenes of Halla Mountain during the Joseon Dynsaty. As an additional point, with the research results about the Halla Mountain hiking and official climbing as the basis, it is hoped that there will be more efforts made to collect daily records as well as any other records related to Halla Mountain and Jeju residents who have lived their lives with Halla Mountain as their foundation for their livelihood. One regret is that there was a limitation in collecting the data and as a result, only a few data considered to have historical worth among the records left behind by the literary circle of Joseon Dynasty were analyzed and processed for the research. More efforts will have to be made to put more light onto the historical and cultural worth of Halla Mountain, reinterpretation and a geohistorical approach about the climbing culture as well as the special characteristics of the climbing route that appears in old records will have to be researched further to supplement the shortcomings of this particular research in the future.