17~18세기 제주지역 墳墓石人像 연구

Abstract

This paper examined the background of the introduction of tomb stone statues in the Jeju Area during 17th~18th century, a period of its introduction and the phase of the development of the culture of early tomb stone statues. The culture of the stone statues of common tombs flowed in Jeju but there are differentiated elements from the early phase of the establishment: They are characterized by a custom of building Sandam (a wall with stones) put around a tomb, the burial mound form of Yongmibun (a tomb shaped like the tail of a dragon) and the establishment of more Dongjaseok (a stone of a child) than Muninseok (a stone of a man of letters) as tomb stone statues. In addition, due to the limit of having to supply the materials of stone statues locally, a beauty of the sculpture appears by the properties of the materials. The results of the research on the early tomb stone statues in Jeju area during the 17th~18th century are summarized as follows: First, tomb stone statues first appeared in the 17th century in Jeju area. There were restrictions in social status for establishing a tomb stone statue in the early stage of the establishment and it is recognized as a stone figure which was not for everyone to build. This phenomenon was similar in Jeju area, and stone statues restrictively appeared in the tombs of leading figures or families in the Jeju area in the 17th~18th century, the early period of introduction. In Jeju area, Dongjaseok has been the most basic tomb stone statue and currently, it is presumed that a tomb left only with Muninseok has been robbed of or missing its Dongaseok stolen, so it is found that a culture of tomb stone statues around Dongjaseok from the early stage of the establishment has developed. Second, the early construction of tombs in Jeju area was examined with Man-il Kim Clan' tombs. Sandam put around tombs in Jeju area has various functions, and its biggest function is to protect the burial mound and marking the boundary of the tomb. Sandam in earlier tombs is a rectangle or square rather than a trapezoid like we see today. No Gokjang (a C-shaped wall) or Saseong (a semicircular heap of earth) of a general tomb was not built in Jeju area while the types of the burial mound in the period when tomb stone statues appeared were Wonhyeongbun (a round mound tomb) and Yongmibun. Some tombs in the early stage, have a wide boundary and arrangement in which Dongjaseok - Mangjuseok (a stone pillar) - Muninseok are raised in order from the burial mound. This case of the arrangement of stone figures greatly influenced the later Jeju Confucian scholars'tombs, which became a model case. Third, early tomb stone statues in Jeju area show clear differences in their materials, shapes, sculpting, objects held and expression of the head from stone statues in other regions. For the shape of the stone statues, depending on the stone materials, the vesicular stone material showed omissive expressions while the smooth stone materials like trachyte were carved in relatively delicate expressions. The tomb stone statues of the time did not have a uniform fixed form, but different forms of stone statues were manufactured by the masons in the area or who manufactured stone statues. At the time, masons might be employed in building castles, constructing buildings and manufacturing public facilities, and the production of stone statues like tomb stone statues showed diversity and transformed shapes in the Jeju area because of a lack of experiences of manufacture and unskilled sculpting with a temporary order form. Fourth, Jeju society in the 17th~18th century was in a very poor situation due to natural disasters and famine, and the number of exiles was rapidly increasing with several political changes. Yet, the exiles were active in teaching and learning activities in Jeju, and a lot of scholars from Jeju who were taught from them passed the civil ervice examination, which led to a new Confucian revival in Jeju. Since the culture of tomb stone statues was a product of the Confucian ritual system, the changes in the eju society at the time brought about the establishment of tomb stone statues, which had not existed before. In particular, Gyeongju Kim Family, Man-il Kim Clan in the 17th century was one with top financial status and top rank position in Jeju area, and based on these, they grew up as a powerful family through marriages with men who passed the civil service examination in Confucian scholars'families or native powers. In this process, Man-il Kim received a top position and worked at the Royal Court as a bureaucrat, and while his descendants also passed the military service examination and worked as local officials, they witnessed tomb stone statues in their home, which became an opportunity to inflow a new memorial service to Jeju. As a result, a stone statue was established in Man-il Kim' tomb first, and tomb stone statues as decoration following Confucian practices appeared earnestly in his descendents'tombs. In addition, the establishment of stone statues and changes appeared in Jeju Confucian scholars'? tombs linked to Man-il Kim Clan' marriage network. Although the manufacturer of the stone statues were lower class, masons, but the people who ordered and enjoyed the stone statues were Confucian family or ruling class with financial stability. In conclusion, in the process of introduction and development of the culture of tomb stone statues in Jeju area, exiles to Jeju played an important role, and the attitude of the leading group of Jeju area was reconstituted by the exiles. The culture of tomb stone statues in the Jeju area in the 17th~18th century was introduced under the situation of changes in Confucianism and the process of practicing a new memorial service by the economic upper class. It is necessary to recognize the fundamental functions and appreciate them as ritual objects to approach the tomb stone statues in Jeju, and basically, the awareness of the necessity of stone statues and diverse perception of the class of enjoyment that ordered the early tomb stone statues should precede. A funeral culture is the most conservative culture, so funeral culture in an area acts as an important index through which its historical changes, social aspects and mindset are understood. The tomb stone statues in Jeju area are cultural resources showing a unique phase of development that cannot be found in any other areas, to which the Jeju' own ritual culture has been added.