한라산 고산식물의 생육특성 및 증식 연구

Abstract

한라산 고산식물의 생육특성 및 증식 방법을 알아보기 위하여 1) 고산식물 중 기후변화에 취약하고, 희소성 및 전통지식에 부합하여 보전 및 산업화가 시급한 고산식물을 선정하여, 자생지 인근의 기후와 토양 분석을 통한 생육환경을 조사하였고, 2) 고산식물의 삽목 및 실생묘 증식방법을 규명하고, 3) 산업화를 위한 용기별과 시비량에 따른 생장 특성 및 상토․식물체의 NPK함량, 그리고 엽록소 함량 측정 등 비료 사용 효율성을 비교·분석하고자 2012년 3월부터 2013년 10월까지 연구를 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 한라산 고산식물 선정 및 자생지 생육 특성 한라산 국립공원에 자생하는 고산식물 구상나무(Abies koreana E.H.Wilson) 등 11과 14속 4변종 14분류군을 기후변화에 취약하고, 희소성과 고유성을 갖으며, 자원적 가치가 높은 식물 중에서 선정하였다. 2012년 3월∼10월까지 평균 기온은 한라산 정상(1950m) 8.5℃, 영실(1500m) 12.3℃, 1100습지(1100m) 13.8℃이며, 평균 습도는 한라산 정상 78.9%, 영실 78.0% 및 1100습지 78.2%로 조사되었다. 자생지 토양 분석의 용적밀도는 0.26～1.10 g/cm3, 입자밀도는 1.87～2.54g/cm3, 공극률은 57～85% 범위로 조사지점 간에 차이가 컸다. 그리고 조사지의 토양 pH는 4.7～5.3, 전기전도도는 0.20～0.60 dS/m 범위로 나타났다. 그리고 조사지의 치환성 K, Ca, Mg 및 Na의 함량은 K 0.06～0.49 cmol+/kg, Ca 0.07～2.48 cmol+/kg, Mg 0.04～1.54 cmol+/kg 및 Na 0.14～0.24 cmol+/kg 범위였고, 양 이온치환용량은 15.94～39.82 cmol+/kg 함량으로 분석되었다. 따라서, 물의 하향 침투가 원활한 공극률을 보이고 염류에 대한 영향을 받지 않는 pH와 전기전도도를 나타냈으며, 제주도 산림토양의 양이온치환용량 19.7cmol+/kg 보다 한라산 정상과 성판악지역은 비슷하며, 영실과 고랭지시험포는 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 2. 한라산 고산식물 삽목 및 실생묘 번식 연구 고산식물 증식 연구를 위해 50%∼75% 피음에서 생육환경을 조성하고 2012년 7∼9월까지 증식 시설내 광량의 변화를 조사하였다. 온실(Greenhouse)과 밀폐상(Vinyl-moist chamber)내의 온·습도의 변화를 알아본 결과 2012년도는 온실이 22℃, 76.57%와 밀폐상은 22.33℃, 93.33%로 나타났고, 2013년도의 평균 온·습도는 온실이 23.35℃, 79.9%와 밀폐상은 23.9℃, 93.77%로 조사되었다. 삽목 증식에 일반적으로 관계습도를 포화습도에 가깝게 만들어 줘야 하기 때문에 밀폐상이 균일한 온·습도 관리에 유리한 것으로 판단된다. (1) 2012년 눈향나무 등 4종의 삽목 실험 눈향나무 등 4종을 한라산에서 채집하여 삽목 후 눈향나무 60일, 들쭉나무 50일, 백리향 15일, 댕댕이나무 45일에 최초 발근을 확인할 수 있었다. 각 검정식물별 발근율의 결과로 눈향나무는 밀폐상의 삽목판-석회수·과망간산칼륨 처리에서 각 90, 100%, 포트-질산은, 루톤-대조구 각 100%, 트레이-과망간산칼륨에서 100%로 처리별 가장 높은 발근율을 나타내었고, 온실에서 포트와 루톤-트레이 전체 평균이 각 100%로 높은 발근율 나타내었다. 들쭉나무는 밀폐상의 삽목판 96%, 포트 55%, 트레이 43%로 나타났으며, 삽목판-루톤은 모두 처리구에서 100% 발근하였다. 온실에서는 삽목판 56%, 포트 55%, 트레이 45%로 처리간 큰 차이가 없었으나, 삽목판-무처리구에서 과망간산칼륨이 100%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 삽목판-루톤 처리구에서 석회수 90%, 과망간산칼륨 80%로 전처리에서 높게 나타났다. 백리향은 밀폐상에서 삽목판 51%, 포트 68%, 트레이 68%이며, 온실은 삽목판 83%, 포트 68%, 트레이 63%로 조사되었다. 밀페상의 삽목판-무처리구-질산은이 100%, 삽목판-루톤-석회수 100% · 과망간산칼륨이 90%였다. 온실은 삽목판-무처리구-과망간산칼륨, 루톤-무처리구·석회수가 각 100%로 나타났다. 댕댕이나무는 밀폐상에서 삽목판 64%, 포트 61%, 트레이 66%이며, 온실 실험구는 전체 처리구에서 평균 37%로 밀폐상에 비해 1.7배 차이 났으며. 밀폐상의 삽목판-루톤-석회수가 100%로 처리별 가장 높은 발근율을 나타냈다. (2) 2013년 구상나무 등 8종의 삽목 실험 구상나무 등 8종을 채집하여 삽목 결과 구상나무 65일, 흑오미자 65일, 시로미 25일, 지리산오갈피 60일, 좀향유 10일, 구름떡쑥 15일, 눈개쑥부쟁이 15일에서 발근을 최초로 확인 하였다. 그러나 사스래나무(좀고채목)는 발근을 확인할 수 없었다. 각 검정식물별 발근율의 결과로 구상나무는 대부분의 처리구에서 발근이 되지 않았고, 밀폐상-루톤 처리구만 7.5%발근되었다. 다만, 모든 처리구에서 50%이상 생존하였다. 사스래나무(좀고채목) 또한 발근이 확인되지 않았다. 흑오미자는 대부분 발근되지 않았으나, 밀폐상의 경우 평균 21.5개가 생존하였고, 석회수와 과망간산칼륨에서 평균 29.5%의 생존율을 보였다. 시로미는 녹지삽으로 밀폐상-질산은이 87.5% 가장 높은 발근율 보였고, 과망간산칼륨 75%로 온실 처리구에 비해 각 6.5배, 5.6배 높게 나타났다. 지리산오갈피는 과망간산칼륨에서 2.5%을 발근율을 제외하고 모든 처리구에서 발근하지 못하였으며, 대부분 낙화되어 생존하지 못하였다. 좀향유는 온실 95%, 밀폐상 95%으로 비슷하게 높은 발근율을 보였으며, 밀폐상에서는 질산은 77.5%의 발근율을 제외하고 모든 처리구에서 95%이상 발근율을 나타내었다. 구름떡쑥은 밀폐상에서 평균 68%, 과망간산칼륨 90%, 질산은 20%의 발근율로 상반된 결과를 나타냈고, 지상부의 길이는 밀폐상은 49.1%로 온실의 26.3%에 1.8배로 처리간 차이가 나타났다. 눈개쑥부쟁이는 온실 52.5%, 밀폐상은 60%로 나타났고, 밀폐상-루톤 처리구가 80%로 가장 높은 발근율을 나타냈다. (3) 실생묘 증식 실험 한라부추는 온도별 및 식물생장조절물질 발아특성을 보면 무처리구인 20℃에서 평균발아율은 45%로 가장 높았으며, 두상관수시66.7%, 심지관수시 73.3%로의 발아율이 나타났다. 그러나, BA, GA 처리시에는 두상관수가 각각 91.7%, 73.3%로 심지관수보다 높은 발아율을 나타냈다. 좀민들레는 15℃ 처리구에서 BA 10 ppm이 90%로 가장 높은 발아율을 보였고, 20℃ 처리구에서는 GA 1 ppm에 서 73.3%, 30℃처리구에서는 LPE가 53.3%, 40℃ 처리구에서는 GA 10 ppm이 60%로 나타났다. 또한 저온처리한 좀민들레의 발아율은 15℃에서 46.7%, 20℃에 서 70%, 30℃에서 36.7%, 40℃에서 60%로 조사되었다. 3. 한라산 고산식물 육묘환경 개선 연구 육묘환경 개선을 통한 고산식물의 증식 및 생육특성 연구를 위해 용기별 생육 차이와 비료별 시비량이 증식 초기 생장에 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 질소 시비량을 달리하여 5개 고산식물에 대한 처리결과 좀민들레는 시비량이 증가될수록 지상부 길이가 증가되었으나 시로미, 지리산오갈피, 좀향유 및 눈개쑥부쟁이는 시비량이 증가될수록 지상부길이가 감소되는 경향을 나타내었고, 조구에 비해 지리산오갈피 34%, 좀향유 63% 및 눈개쑥부쟁이 56%로 질소 시비량이 증가될수록 좀민들레를 제외한 지상부의 생육은 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 좀민들레를 제외한 대조구의 0.44∼0.97배로 시비량이 증가될수록 뿌리 길이는 감소되는 경향을 나타내고, 건물중 및 뿌리 개수도 시비량이 증가될수록 소하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 시로미, 눈개쑥부쟁이, 좀민들레에 대한 질소비료 시비량 5∼30 kg/10a로 증가 시켰을때 식물체내 질소함량은 7.7∼62.3%의 증가되었다 따라서, 질소비료의 종류에 따른 고산식물의 처리결과 식물에 따라 질소비료에 대한 반응이 다른 것으로 조사되었으며, 지상부의 길이는 질소, 오스모코트 리구 모두가 대조구에 비해 양호하였고, 뿌리길이, 건물중 및 뿌리 발근 개수는오스모코트 처리구에서 양호한 결과를 나타냈다. 질소 처리구는 대조구와 비교해 유의하지 못하였다. 다만, 지리산오갈피, 눈개쑥부쟁이, 좀민들레는 질소시비에 따라 생장이 양호하게 조사되었으며, 이는 질소비료에 대한 요구량이 낮은 고 산식물의 경우 속효성비료 보다는 완효성 비료가 보다 더 증식에 유리한 것으로 판단된다.

In order to understand the growth characteristics and proliferation methods of alpine flora in Mt. Halla, some alpine plants vulnerable to climate changes and urgent for preservation and industrialization in consideration of scarcity and traditional knowledge were selected 1) to investigate growth environments through a climate and soil analysis of their neighboring habitats, 2) to identify how to make cuttings of the alpine plants and how to multiply the plants raised from seeds, and 3) to compare and analyze the efficiency of fertilizer uses by measuring growth features depending on containers for industrialization and manuring levels, in the study that had been conducted from March 2012 to October 2013 and summarized with the following results. 1. Selection of specific alpine plants in Mt. Halla and their growth characteristics in habitats Alpine plants classified into 11 families, 14 species, 4 varieties, and 14 groups including Abies koreana which were naturally growing in Mt. Halla national park were selected, because they were considered scarce, unique and weak to climate changes but highly valuable as resource plants. Between March and October 2012, the average levels of temperature at some places were 8.5 ℃ at the top of Mt. Halla (1950m), 12.3 ℃ at Yeongsil (1500m); and 13.8 ℃ at wetlands (1100m), while the average levels of humidity were 78.9%, 78.0% and 78.2 % respectively. The soil analysis on the habitats of alpine plants was made to determine bulk density of 0.26～1.10g/cm3, particle density of 1.87～2.54g/cm3 and porosity of 57～85% that showed differences in range depending on those investigated places. Besides, it also revealed soil pH of 4.7～5.3 and electrical conductivity of 0.20～0.60dS/m, and the exchangeable content ranges of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.06～0.49 cmol+/kg (K), 0.07～2.48cmol+/kg (Ca), 0.04～ 1.54cmol+/kg (Mg) and 0.14～0.24cmol+/kg (Na), respectively, along with cationic substitution capacity of 15.94～39.82cmol+/kg. Therefore, the soils of habitats generally were determined to have the porosity smooth for water downward penetration and the pH and electrical conductivity invulnerable to salt. The cation exchangeable capacity of 19.7cmol+/kg at the top of Mt. Halla and Seongpanak Trail region was found to be similar to that of the general forest soils in Jeju island, but the level of the cation exchangeable capacity at Yeongsil and Highland plots was more than twice higher. 2. Cuttings of Mt. Halla alpine plants and proliferation of the alpine plants raised from seeds In order to study proliferation of alpine plants, a growth environment with a shading level of 50∼75% was created to investigate some changes in the amount of light inside proliferation facilities from July to September 2012. Accordingly, the average changes were measured in the levels of temperature and humidity at the facilities, a greenhouse and closed boxes (vinyl-moist chamber), that is, 22℃ and 76.57% in the greenhouse and 22.33℃ and 93.33% in the closed boxes, respectively in 2012, while 23.35℃ and 79.9% in the greenhouse and 23.9℃ and 93.77% in the closed boxes , respectively in 2013. Since the relative humidity of cutting proliferation should be adjusted close to the saturated level, the closed boxes were evaluated favorable for the uniform control of temperature and humidity levels. (1) Cutting experiments on 4 species of alpine plants including Sargent Juniper in 2012 Four species of alpine plants including Juniperus chinensis were collected and propagated by cuttings. Then, it was confirmed that initial uprooting was observed 60 days for Juniperus chinensis, 50 days for Vaccinium uliginosum, 15 days for Thymus quinquecostatus and 45 days for Lonicera caerulea var. edulis. The uprooting rates were checked in the experiment. In case of J . chinensis, the high uprooting rates at the closed boxes were 90%, 100% with a cutting board-lime water·potassium permanganate treatment, 100% with a potassium permanganate treatment, 100% with a port-nitrate treatment, 100% at Rootone-control group and 100% with a tray-potassium permanganate treatment, respectively, while the uprooting rates of the plants in the greenhouse were generally high, averagely 100%, with port and Rootone-tray treatments. In case of V. uliginosum, the uprooting rates at the closed boxes were 96% at the cutting board, 55% at the port, 43% at the tray. The cutting board-Rootone treatments resulted in the uprooting rate of uprooting rate at all treated plots. Mean while, in the greenhouse, the uprooting rates were 56% at the cutting board, 55% at port and 45% at the tray showing no significant difference in treatments. On the other hand, the cutting board-untreated plot showed the highest uprooting rate of 100% with the potassium permanganate treatment, and the cutting board-Rootone treated plants showed high uprooting rates of 90% and 80% respectively with the lime water pre-treatment and with the potassium permanganate pre-treatments. In case of T. quinquecostatus, the uprooting rates in the closed boxes were 51% at the cutting board, 68% at the port and 68% at the tray, while those in the greenhouse were 83% at the cutting board, 68% at the port and 63% at the tray respectively. The uprooting rates of Thyme in the closed boxes were 100% both with the cutting board-untreated plot-silver nitrate treatment and with the cutting board-Rootone-lime water treatment, and 90% with the potassium permanganate. In the greenhouse, the uprooting rates were 100% with the cutting borad-untreated plot-silver nitrate treatment and with the Rootone-untreated plot·lime water treatment. In case of L. caerulea, the uprooting rates in the closed boxes were 64% at the cutting board, 61% at the port and 66% at the tray, while the uprooting rate at the experimented plot in the greenhouse showed averagely 37% of the total treated plot, that is, 1.7 times lower than in the closed boxes. Particularly, in considering the uprooting rates of L. caerulea in the closed boxes, the cutting board-Rootone-lime water treatment resulted in 100%, that is, the highest of all treatments. (2) Cutting experiment on 8 species of alpine plants including Abies koreana in 2013 Eight species of alpine plants including Abies koreana were collected and propagated by cuttings. Then, it was confirmed that initial uprooting was observed respectively, 65 days for Abies koreana, 65 days for Schisandra repanda., 25 days for Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum, 60 days for Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, 10 days for Elsholtzia minima , 15 days for Anaphalis sinica var. morii and 15 days for Aster hayatae. However, the uprooting was not observed for Betula ermanii . The uprooting rates were measured for all those plants. In case of A. koreana, most of treated plots failed to root out, but the uprooting rate of 7.5% was seen only at the closed box-Rootone treated plot. Roughly more than 50% of those plants succeeded in survival in all treated plots. The uprooting of B. ermanii also failed to observe. In case of S. repanda., most failed to root out, with 21.5 samples averagely surviving in the closed boxes and with the average survival rate of 29.5% only with lime water and potassium permanganate treatments. In case of greenwood cuttings of E. nigrum var. japonicum, the highest uprooting rate of 87.5% was seen with the closed box-silver nitrate treatment, and the uprooting rate of 75% were shown with the potassium permanganate treatment, that is, 6.5 times and 5.6 times higher than the uprooting rate of those treated plots in the greenhouse. In case of E. divaricatus var. chiisanensis, except the uprooting rate of 2.5% with the potassium permanganate treatment, all treated plots did not root out with most of them having fallen blossoms and failing to survive. In case of E. minima, the high uprooting rate of 95% was shown equally both in the greenhouse and in the closed boxes. Except the uprooting rate of 77.5% withthe silver nitrate treatment, the uprooting rate of over 95% was shown in all treated plots of the closed boxes. In case of A. sinica var. morii , the different uprooting rates in the closed boxes were reported 68% in average, 90% with the potassium permanganate treatment and 20% with the silver nitrate treatment. In the height of the aerial parts, a difference of 1.8 times was seen, 49.1% in the closed boxes and 26.3% in the greenhouse, respectively. In case of A. hayatae, the uprooting rates were 52.5% in the greenhouse and 60% in the closed boxes, resulting in the highest uprooting rate of 80% at the closed box–Rootone treated plot. (3) Proliferation experiment of the plants raised from seeds In considering germination features of Halla chives depending on changes in temperature and plant growth regulators, the average germination rate of 45% was reported the highest at the untreated plot, that is, at 20 ℃. The germination rates of 66.7% and 73.3% were recorded respectively at the time of overhead irrigation and at the time of wick irrigation. However, with the BA and GA treatments, the germination rates got higher respectively, 91.7% at the overhead irrigation and 73.3% at the wick irrigation. In case of T. hallaisanensis, the highest germination rate of 90% was shown at the plot treated at 15℃ with BA 10ppm. Besides, germination rates were also reported respectively, 73.3% at the plot treated at 20℃ with GA 1ppm, 53.3% in the plot treated at 30℃ with LPE, and 60% at the plot treated at 40℃ with GA 10ppm. Moreover, the germination rates of T. hallaisanensis treated at the lower levels of temperature were 46.7% at 15 ℃, 70% at 20 ℃, 36.7% at 30 ℃ and 60% at 40 ℃, respectively. 3. Improvement of growth promoting environment of Mt. Halla alpine plants In order to study proliferation and growth properties of alpine plants through the improvement of a growth promoting environment, an analysis was made to identify factors which might affect the initial growth stage of proliferation by investigating growth differences depending on containers and manuring levels of fertilizers. Treatments were made with different manuring levels of nitrogen to five species of alpine plants. In case of T. hallaisanensis, the length of the aerial parts increased proportionally along with the amount of fertilizer. On the contrary, in the cases of E. nigrum var. japonicum, E. divaricatus var. chiisanensis, E. minima and A. hayatae, the height of the aerial parts showed a tendency of decrease. In comparison with the control plot, except T. hallaisanensis, the growth of the aerial parts tended to decrease adversely as the manuring levels of nitrogen increased as much as 34% for E. divaricatus var. chiisanensis, 63% for E. minima and 56% for A. hayatae. In addition, except T. hallaisanensis, the length of the aerial parts showed a tendency to decrease reversely as the manuring levels were increased, 0.44∼0.97 times lower than the control plot, and the dry matter and the number of roots also showed a tendency to decrease reversely as manuring levels were increased. Furthermore, when the manuring levels of nitrogen fertilizer were increased to 5~30 kg/10a to E. nigrum var. japonicum, A. hayatae H. , T. hallaisanense, the nitrogen content inside the plant body increased as much as 7.7~62.3%. In consequence, according to the results of the treatments of alpine plants with the different types of nitrogen fertilizer, the reactions of those plants were found different. The length of the aerial parts at the plots treated with nitrogen and Osmocote fertilizer was seen favorable in comparison with the control plot, while the root length, dry matter and the number of sprouted roots were seen more favorable at the plot treated with Osmocote. The plot treated with nitrogen showed no significance in comparison with the control plot. Particularly, growth of E. divaricatus var. chiisanensis, A. hayatae, T. hallaisanense was investigated more favorably depending on nitrogen manuring levels. In other words, in case of alpine plants having a low demand level of nitrogen fertilizer, slow-acting fertilizers are determined more favorable than quick-acting ones for the purpose of proliferation.