고려시대 六窯의 성격과 운영

Abstract

The Goryeo government set up Jeyojik (諸窯直, a government office managing various roof tile kilns) taking charge of roof tile production during the reign of King Munjong in order to govern the roof tile demand and supply of royal palaces, temples and government offices in Gaegyeong. The Jeyojik was reorganized to Yukyojik (六窯直, government office managing six roof tile kilns) during the reign of King Injong, as GwonmuGwanrok (權務官祿) was revised. To date, various opinions on Jeyo (various kilns)/Yukyo (six kilns) have been presented in the academia, due to limited historical records; however, they have shown only limited point of views in the framework of special administrative district (So, 所) handicraft industry system, rather than institutional and social studies. In this context, the examination of Jeyo and Yukyo may have a significance, given that such an examination can look at the roof tile industry in the Goryeo Dynasty anew. To identify the nature of Jeyojik and Yukyojik recorded in GoryeoSa (高麗史), SikhwaJi (食貨志) and BaekgwanJi (百官志), a framework for analysis to trace the laxity process of the production system in the latter part of the Goryeo Dynasty is needed, after this study defines their terms and reviews their operation modes. Consequently, Jeyojik was identified as a government office of various kilns and Yukyojik was identified as a government office of six kilns. Their roles were to be in charge of roof tile production required in Gaegyeong. The Jeyojik and Yukyojik were grasped to be included in the state's formal stipend system and as belonging to the central government office system, according to GoryeoSa and SikhwaJi. This paper ascertains that roof tile production system during the Goryeo Dynasty was organized within the government handicraft industry but was separately operated from the special administrative district (So, 所) handicraft industry. Demand and supply for roof tiles is conjectured to have been managed through Yukyo(六窯) in Gaegyeong and through Waso(瓦 所, Roof Tile Special Administrative District) in other local areas. This means a dualistic roof tile production system and also actively reflects the roof tile kiln industry's characteristics, of which production and supply are conducted around the demand sites. The roof tiles produced from Yukyo were mainly used for construction controlled by the state and also functioned as production facilities of Dogam(都監), an ad hoc organization, or SeonGongSi(繕工寺), a regular government office. A possibility that roof tile making artisans, who were forced to work at six kiln sites, received separate stipend or sold some of the roof tile products in the market was also confirmed. Since then, the shrinkage of government's financial base, due to the invasion of Mongolia and a sharp decrease in land from which taxes are collected, relaxed the Yukyo system. With this, a private kiln prohibition order cancellation, privately-operated roof tile kiln's appearance and roof tile marking artisan's private activities accelerated. The roof tile production system was, therefore, reorganized into a different system from the one in the former part of the Goryeo Dynasty, due mainly to an expansion of temple handicraft industry organizations.