고려시대 팔관회의 성격 변화와 문인층의 인식

Abstract

Palgwanhoe(八關會) is a national ceremony having culture and economic power-integrated comprehensive festival characteristics throughout the Goryeo Dynasty. Palgwanhoe carried out various functions in the political, social, economic and cultural fields. Palgwanhoe's congratulatory ceremony, Joha Ushik(朝賀儀式) and the songs, dances and crafts performed or displayed in the events or banquets organized by the state, Baekhee Gamu(百戱歌舞) included national festival's characteristics, cultural exchange arena and social integration function created by all the subjects' participation amid ruling order, centered on the king. At the basis, Goryeo's pluralistic view of the world was contained, and it had historic function for succession of traditional culture as the characteristics of ancient rituals for heaven and folk beliefs. Goryeo operated Palgwanbo(八關寶) to secure stable finances for Palgwanhoe, and Palgwanbo functioned as a central organ of the Palgwanhoe. However, national financial income rapidly decreased, due to illegal land possession by temples and those who had power, and subjects' wandering here and there, and Palgwanhoe's excessive spending spoiled Bo(寶: foundation) into high interest-bearing loan. All in all, economic side effects were brought about in the latter part of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty's intervention period, Goryeo's status was degraded from an emperor nation to Yuan's feudal lord nation. Therefore, the status of Palgwanhoe also was degraded, and it was conducted as only simple seasonal event or Buddhist event in temples in some cases. The change of Palgwanhoe's characteristics made literary people have negative vision on Palgwanhoe in the latter part of the 14th century. Because, moderate reformists wanted to solve problems related to temple within the scope of not disturbing the existing Goryeo's system and order, they did not regard Palgwanhoe itself as a problem. Actually, their focus was on the difficulties of the subjects who had to be burdened from Palgwanhoe expenses and offering tributes. However, radical reformists, based on Neo-Confucianism as the philosophy of reform at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, started to conduct the correction of Buddhism and Buddhist temple economy's evil effects, which could not become social reform philosophy anymore, in addition to agricultural field system(田制) reform and expulsion of Buddhism. In this manner, they minimized Buddhism's economic basis. In this process, Palgwanhoe's negative aspects were raised, and thus, Palgwanhoe was abolished in the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty together with the reform of Buddhist temple economy.