제주도 서사무가 ｢할망본풀이｣의 형성원리 연구

Abstract

This study was conducted to illustrate the influencing relationship between Jeju Island's shamanistic songs, ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and ｢Illetddang-bonpuli｣. First, the formation principle of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ was analyzed based on the conflict of two goddesses' characteristics which were revealed during the comparison with different versions. It was also verified that such principles were widely applied even to the ceremonies related to Jeju Island's belief system on childbirth and rearing's god and general folklore. Lastly, the sense of beauty through out the entire Jeju Island's belief system on childbirth and rearing's god could be extracted based on the formation principles of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣. The result of the comparison on the 7 different versions of ｢halmang-bonpuli｣ transcribed recently in Jeju dialect showed that the transmission of Myeongjinguk's lady was unstable, compared to the birth background of Donghae-yongwang's lady. However, it was found that there was a tendency of depicting Myeongjinguk's lady much more superior than Donghae-yongwang's lady in the aspect of talent. And the cause of such tendency was viewed in connection with struggle stories, major axle of epics in ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣. The struggle stories symbolically reveal the replacement of regime, epoch and culture inside the myth. On this assumption, the basis of the formation of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ was explored, and it was found that the two goddesses appearing in the Bonpuli's had their own characteristics as the and the respectively. Based on this, a conclusion could be obtained that ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ contained the overturn process of the divine regime by conflict between the and the . In addition, the characteristic of the inherent divinity that formed a background story of Donghae-yongwang's lady was viewed in connection with Illetddang belief, a Jeju Island's native belief on god of childbirth and rearing. The investigation on the shamanistic songs of Illetddang system showed that the story elements of the motif about the daughter of the king of the sea were inserted in the Illetddang system that spreaded the most widely and very similar to the background story of Donghae-yongwang's lady. Therefore, ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ belongs to the bonpuli about general shamanic god, but it can be deemed to borrow the story elements of the bonpuli about Village Guarding Shrine's goddess in the process of the formation of the background story of the divinity. It was also found that the ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and Jeju Island's belief system on childbirth and rearing's god contained the same dual-structure characteristic of the inherent divinity and the imported divinity. This dual structure of the inherent divinity and the imported divinity is the formation principles of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and, at the same time, it appeared being separated into Illetddang's god and Samsuing-halmang in the sites of actual transmission. Its grounds could be found from the ceremonial characteristic of division into and , the resolution procedure of devotees when actual problems related to birth and rearing occurred, and the fact that an ordinary god, Samsuing-halmang, was gradually absorbing the function of Illetddang's god. Furthermore, the belief system of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and Jeju Island's childbirth and rearing's god has the characteristic of a fluid structure. When a conflict occurred between new element and existing one, it took a direction to accept or modify rather than eliminate it. The scope of such acceptance and modification took a tendency of fully reflecting the result of conflict without losing their essentiality. Donghae-yongwang's lady in ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ has intact characteristic of the inherent divinity. This can be also shown in the fact that Jajimaengwang-lady of ｢Chogong-bonpuli｣ lost its divinity as a Samsin (the name of childbirth and rearing's god) but still maintained its maternity and femininity. The thought that Samsuing-halmang with Saengbul-flower in her hand blesses with human birth was a product of natural integration of conflicting mythical thoughts beyond the time gap. Two conflicting elements, the mother goddess notion in the primitive times and the heavenly god worship thoughts, brought a new change and triggered a mythic imagination. The mythical thought that formed ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ is well reflected in the entire Jeju Island's belief system on childbirth and rearing's god. It was an important clue to prove that shamanistic songs were not separated from actual transmission beyond shamanistic ceremony. It is also a very important aesthetic value that the overall structure of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and belief system on childbirth and rearing's god can be addressed in a unified principle. It might as well find another way to expand the boundary of the study from the existing method to study shamanistic songs as individual subjects by separating them from ceremony and folklore. Various elements existed but did not destroy their balance, and were retroactive to one principle that could be universally applicable with unity. It was also found from the characteristics of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and Jeju Island's belief system on childbirth and rearing's god that they had pursued coexistence rather than eliminated each other. In the stream of history and time, foreign elements have been colliding each other constantly and creating new things. Inside ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣, the imported divinity who had line of descent from the god of heaven took the seat of childbirth and rearing's god and the inherent divinity was kicked out of the seat. However, in actual transmission, Illetddang belief has been lasting closely in association with the believers' life. It can also applied to the fact that Introduction of ｢Jeosek-bonpuli｣ had the divinity of the heroines change regarding the function of childbirth and rearing's god. The earth goddess thoughts made a counterbalance effect in a confrontation with the heavenly god worship thoughts and became 'Saengbul-flower' which was an instrumental device of Samsuing-halmang. It overcame and survived over the time gap but its usage has been changing in confrontations. The esthetics of Saenggeuk(生克), from mutual aversion to coexistence and from conflict to harmony, is contained in the entire belief system of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ and Jeju Island's childbirth and rearing's god. Through this study, it was proven that ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣ is an important clue to illustrate the characteristics of the overall system of the relevant believes. This has its significance in the aspect of rediscovering the value of ｢Halmang-bonpuli｣. It would be desirable in the future to review Jeju Island's shamanistic songs in various fields and conduct many studies to reestablish their values.