제주도방언의 여성 발화 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics and causes of characteristics and causes of female speeches in Jeju dialect. It is considered that females in Jeju island have strong viability and independent living attitude. This research was started by the thought that there would be certain characteristics in the language used by females in Jeju island since Jeju society requires different roles to females and there are different social limitations as well. Generally in Korea, there is few difference in language by genders. However, unnoted morphological difference by genders does not mean that there is no difference at all. Even though the vocabularies and expressions are same, the frequency and preferred words could be different by genders. Therefore, this research is focused on the difference in preferred words used by females in Jeju island from the perspective of gender differentiation rather than sexual discrimination. Most of the precedent studies regarding female speeches only covered standard language and analyzed data are based on assumed speeches or written documents. On the other hand, this research compared and analyzed actual dialects spoken in Jeju island because of regionality and actuality that has not been tried before. Research data include dialects of Jeju island spoken by 12 males and 12 females above age of 75 from 12 administrative districts in Jeju island. Also, two books written and surveyed by the researcher of this thesis were used as supplementary data. This thesis is composed of four chapters. In chapter 2, there is definition of female language and various theories regarding interpretation of female speeches. In chapter 3, female speeches in Jeju island are analyzed by being classified into ones that reflect regionality, maintain conservativeness and focus feminity. In '3.1. Female speeches of Jeju dialect reflecting regionality', discourse marker, usage of interrogative sentence, terminal statement and strong phoneme are analyzed to identify how regional characteristics are reflected in speeches of Jeju island females. In '3.2. Female speeches of Jeju dialect maintaining conservativeness', it is confirmed that Jeju island females prefer archaic and dialectal words and pronunciation rather than standard words and pronunciation and the causes are identified. In '3.3. Female speeches of Jeju dialect emphasizing feminity', the characteristics of female speeches are studied through identifying the usage of sentence final endings, exclamation and basic living vocabularies. In speeches of Jeju dialect used by females, there were not only general feminine characteristics but also unique characteristics of Jeju island females. Those characteristics are studied by classifying into 'Regionality, Conservativeness, Feminity' and the summary of the characteristics are as follows.

1. In characteristics of females dialects in Jeju island reflecting regionality, the impact of regional environment in Jeju island on female language was identified. Especially, the research focused on discourse marker, interrogative sentence, and phoneme. In dialects of Jeju island, male speakers frequently used directional and interrogative discourse marker while females more used adverbial and postpositional discourse marker. Among postpositional discourse marker, the most frequently used expression was '-Ge', which indicates the intention of females speakers to form intimacy with the listeners and clearly express their thoughts. In addition, the usage frequency of interrogative sentence was higher in female speakers but frequency of general interrogative sentence was low while special interrogative sentence was high. Among special interrogative sentences, the female speakers frequently used rhetorical interrogatives and it is also considered to reflect regionality since rhetorical interrogative indicates strong affirmation. Female speakers also frequently used affirmative sentences that statements are ended with nouns. These characteristics are opposite to precedent studies that state females use tentative and hesitative speeches. Also, there was higher tendency for females to use strong pronunciations to overcome natural environment. Unlike characteristics of female speeches in standard language, which is that females frequently use fortis and 'ㄹ' sound to look endearing, female speakers in Jeju island use strong phoneme. The reason for the difference in general female language and that of Jeju island can be explained by special regionality of Jeju island. The females in Jeju island had to be in charge of economic activities and it led to confidence and conviction in language.

2. As a result of identifying characteristics of female speeches in Jeju dialect maintaining conservativeness, females in Jeju island prefer archaic and dialectal phrases. In general, females more prefer standard language compared to males. It is regarded that females prefer standard language since they want to be compensated of their low social status by language. However, as a result of studying adverbs and changes in phoneme in Jeju island dialects, female language demonstrated higher tendency of conservativeness. That is, female speakers in Jeju island preferred dialectal adverbs rather than standard language adverbs and they used archaic and dialectal expressions compared to male speakers. According to 'social network theories', an individual belongs to closed network when he or she knows all the people in the network and an individual in dense closed network is forced to follow the language norms in the group. Females in Jeju island belongs to traditionally closed social network and the density of network is high since all the community members are aware of one another. The reason that Jeju island females frequently use dialects is that closed social network forces them to do so. For a long time, females had not been allowed to go outside of the island and they had to live inside of the community network composed of relatives. Therefore, Jeju island females who had been living inside of high-density and close social network were forced to use dialects and there was no necessity for them to use standard language.

3. Characteristics of female speeches in Jeju island dialects emphasizing feminity include usage of feminine sentence final endings, exclamation and preference of basic life vocabularies. In Jeju dialect, female speakers use unique sentence final endings. The usage of '-Sim', '-Sun' indicates respect for the listener and '-Me' indicates the intention to speak objectively about himself or herself. There is difference in the way that males and females express their emotions and the fact that females use more exclamations demonstrate their feminity. Females frequently used words related to baby, clothes and food. This phenomenon indicates that females prefer basic life vocabularies.