제주읍성의 변천에 대한 역사고고학적 연구

Abstract

This paper mainly researched the historical records about the changing process and structure of Jeju Eupseong Fortress constructed in downtown Jeju, and reviewed Jeju Eupseong Fortress based on the historical archeological researches on the existing protruding ramparts in east, 'Dongchiseong'. It also reviewed the relationship between the first construction of Jeju Eupseong Fortress, which is the most representative defense facility of Jeju, and an ancient castle, 'Mugeunseong' and examined the data including ancient map, photo, the latest archeological research results as well as the literary records including condition of location, archeological environment, extension and reconstruction process and background, scale, construction method and subsidiary facilities. The results are summarized as follows: First, it was identified that the condition of location was not bad for Eupseong since Jeju Eupseong Fortress was fortified at the center of Jeju in terms of politics, administration and military and the site of fortress and surrounding areas had various remains from the Prehistoric Age to Historical Age. Second, though it is difficult to specify the initial construction of Jeju Eupseong Fortress, the literary records showed that the castle had already existed before the Joseon Dynasty. This research identified that Jeju Eupseong Fortress used the existing castles after renovating the facilities. It also proposed the relationship with 'Mugeunseong' with the arguments from many researches. Third, the background of extension and reconstruction of Jeju Eupseong Fortress was identified through the historical records, which showed that extension and reconstruction was done for the military purpose as well as to prevent the drinking water issue that was discovered in the existing researches and the damages from flood. Fourth, it is hard to figure out the exact scale of Jeju Eupseong Fortress, as the ramparts were torn down in construction of Sanji Harbor in the 1920s under the Japanese colonial policy. Therefore, this paper mainly reviewed the land register map in 1914 and the scope of Jeju Eupseong in the historical record. The scale system to measure the scope was converted into several scales in the Joseon Dynasty and the used scale system was cloth measure, which is Pobaekcheok. According to the historical records, the circumference of Jeju Eupseong Fortress was mostly marked at 5,489 Cheok. The length of the circumference was converted into 2.56km and the height of 11 Cheok was converted into 5.14m, indicating the scale of Jeju Eupseong Fortress. The height is identified as about 6.07m, which is higher than the record, when including Yeojang which are the walls built up above the rampart. Fifth, the inner and outside walls of the fortress were reinforced by stone walls and the inside of the castle was built by pebbles in the form of Hyeopchukseong, which is a castle built with the same height of inner and outer walls. The construction method was stacking up the stones on an irregular line. The stone size was inconsistent since the stone, a material to construct the fortress, was mostly basalt in Jeju area. Therefore, the fortress was constructed by horizontally stacking the stones in inconsistent sizes and different shape. The fortress was constructed by placing footstones at the bottom and putting small stones upwards to stabilize the ramparts. The stones for construction were easy to obtain, given the basic elements including the easy-to-use size for construction, process and sampling site, except for special cases. The mostly used stones for fortress construction in Jeju were basalts formed by the volcanic activity. This is because it is easy to collect the basalts across Jeju area. Last but not least, this paper reviewed the castle gate, round fortress (ongseong), fence (chi ), stone wall (yeojang), moat and bulwark of subsidiary facilities of Jeju Eupseong Fortress. The gates of Jeju Eupseong Fortress were three each in the East, West and South, composed of two drainage facilities for castle (Sugu) in the South and North and two bulwarks of Sominmun and Junginmun. Ongseong was installed to effectively attack the enemy in front of the gate and protect the gate by complementing the weak points. The form of Ongseong in Jeju Eupseong Fortress was identified to be installed in the special shape of 'ㄱ'. Chiseong was identified to be installed as 'Gyeokdae (fortifications for attack) 27' in the records of 'Tamraji' and 'Dongguk Yeogigi'. Chiseong was built in the same method of fortress construction, in the form of Hyeopchuk, which identically stacked the stones in the inner and outer walls and the method of stacking up the stones on an irregular line. The scope and forms of stone walls (Yeojang) were identified in the recent archeological research on the upper structure of Dongchiseong Fortress as the walls were studied based on the photos and records in the existing researches. In addition, by showing the record in 'Tamraji' on the moat facilities, this paper suggested the specific grounds for existence of moat facilities and reviewed the form and scope of bulwark by posting the photos and pictures of the facility. Jeju Eupseong Fortress is a fortress of the leadership of Tamra, a country which had protected Jeju since the period of Tamra, as one of the most representative historical and cultural heritages. It is believed that this research will contribute to researching Jeju Eupseong Fortress as it has poor research conditions due to the demolished ramparts, and there should be various further archeological researches and studies on Jeju Eupseong Fortress. Keywords: Jeju Eupseong Fortress, Rampart, Construction of Fortress, Extension and Reconstruction, Dongchiseong