감귤원 사용농약의 환경영향지수(EIQ) 개발 및 작업자 노출 위험성 평가

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find the exact status and problems of pesticide use by examing the field use assessment of environment impact(EIQ) and risk exposure to operators of pesticides in citrus orchards, and to provide basic survey results data for the system establishment of pesticide management by policy matters. In chapter 1, the survey result for three awareness of pesticide use and actual spray status are as follows. On the survey of pesticide selection, purchase by pesticide shop recommendation was account for 55.9%. On survey of the actual state of pesticide mixing two types among insecticides, fungicides and miticides was account for 59%; 86% for three mixing and 21.2% for single spray. On the survey of annual number of sprays, 9 times per year was highest showing 26%. A 68% of farmers sprayed between 8 and 10 times per year. In chapter 2, an environmental impact quotient (EIQ) was developed based on the EIQ model of Conell University for the EIQ of pesticides in citrus orchards. In the case of insecticides, EIQ values of 32 active ingredients in 49 commercial product were suggested. Among them, higher EIQ were 36 for sulfoxaflor, 32 for Gamma-cyhalothrin and 31 for Phenthoate, which were over average EIQ of 22. On Fungicides, EIQ values was calculated for 25 active ingredients in 28 commercial products. EIQ values were 35.2 for Metiram, 34.2 for Iminoctadine tris(albesilate) and 30.7 for Metconazole, which were evaluated over average EIQ of 21.7. On miticides, EIQ values was calculated for 6 active ingredients in 6 commercial products. EIQ values were 44.7 for Etoxazole, 37.3 for Spirodiclofen and 37.3 for Tebufenpyrad, which were evaluated over average EIQ of 31. Field use EIQ was evaluated using annual spray records of 157 farms in citrus orchards. Cumulative field use EIQ by Cornell showed highest proportion of 21.7% in 900 section. And a 71.4% of farms was included into the section between 700 and 1100. In the present improved EIQ model, the highest proportion of 31.2% was observed in 600 section of cumulative field use EIQ. A 69.5% of farms was included between 500 and 700. Consequently, the Cornell model seems to over estimate EIQ compared to the present model. In chapter 3, farm worker's health damage was examined. On survey for farmer's Syndrome, 27 of 137 respondents (19.7%) answered 'a positive reaction', 42 (30.7) answered 'a suspicious nature pesticide', and 68 (49.6%) answered 'a negative reaction'. A risk quotient(RQ) was calculated for 83 commercial products of citrus pesticides after estimating each exposure value that is specific to each product. Without personal protective equipment(PPE), RQ of several pesticides was excessed 1.0 or more; 6, 6, 1 and 3 products of insecticide, fungicide, miticide and herbicide, respectively. In the assessment for the combined RQ during full season using 157 citrus orchards, all farms excessed the combined RQ 1.0, and a 22.9% was included combined RQ value between 10 and 15 when PPE was not equiped with PPE. When operator equiped PPE, a 8.3% of farms showed lower combined RQ less than 1.0. Also, the highest proportion of 35% was located between l and 2 of the combined RQ value.