朝鮮의 中國 漂流民 송환 방식 변화와 淸初 동아시아 해역

Abstract

This paper focuses on the change of the repatriation of chinese drifters to Joseon during the early period of the Qing Dynasty. The study is based on "Bibyunsadeunglok"(備邊司謄錄, Records of the Border Defense Council) which recorded the Chinese drifter's cases, and with reference to the record of "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty"(朝鮮王朝實錄), the "Tongmunhwuigo"(同文彙考) and "Jiyeongnok"(知瀛錄), "Jeongmi-jeonsinnok"(丁未傳信錄), "Overseas Travelogue"(海外聞見錄), etc. This paper tries to put drifting events in the extensive background of East Asian Maritime in the early Qing dynasty and makes a multi-angle interpretation. This paper sorts out 242 cases of the Chinese drifting to Joseon during the Qing dynasty. Through these Chinese drifting events, we can learn about China's maritime traders as represented by the Zheng group. They were active in sea of East Asia, including China and Japan, through economic, trade, and diplomatic activities, and controlled the East Asian Maritime at that time. China's drifting boat also reflects the sensitive political and diplomatic relations between the nations of Qing, Joseon, and Japan. Through theses drifting events we can also learn about the Qing's high pressure policy on Joseon dynasty by seeing how the Qing envoys greatly interfered in Joseon affairs. This kind of tough policy sets up for an unstable regime in the face of internal and external challenges during the early Qing dynasty. It is important to note that during the period of high pressure on Joseon by the Qing, the group of translators represented by Zheng Mingshou has played an important role. This is also a typical strategy of the Qing dynasty to adopt national control policy with Joseon. This paper focuses on four typical drifting events in the early Qing dynasty. It especially discusses the transformed node of Joseon dynasty on the way of repatriation of the Chinese drifters, the cause of this change, and the political and diplomatic reality reflected in the change. Under normal circumstances, Joseon Dynasty repatriated the Chinese drifters from the land or the sea according to the situation of Chinese drifters. From the economic point of view, repatriating drifters from the sea is a better choice than from the land. Actually, Joseon return as many Chinese drifters as possible overall. But in the early period of the Qing dynasty, Joseon returned Chinese drifters from the land strictly. The only fundamental reason is the high pressure and strong supervision from the Qing dynasty. With the analysis of many drifting cases, we can conclude that repatriation of the drifters by land was the preferred way of the Joseon dynasty. The beginning of this policy is the Xu Sheng's drifting event in 1647. And after the Chen Qian's event in 1688, the Qing dynasty made it clear that the Joseon dynasty could return drifters by sea through official documents. After this, the Joseon dynasty confirmed that the Qing dynasty lifted the ban of maritime trade from the year of 1684 at last. This view differs from the schools in Korea and China, which prefer to think about historical issues by moral (Confucian Ethics) judgment. In a word, the political and diplomatic considerations rather than moral force (Confucian Ethics) changed the way of returning Chinese drifters to the Joseon kingdom. In 1683, the Qing dynasty recovered the separated regime of Taiwan, and soon promulgate the order of "zhanjieling", canceled Boycott in 1684. Along with the regime of the Qing dynasty and the Tokugawa shogunate, East Asian powers gradually stabilized towards the end of the 17th century, through the management of maritime dominated by the regimes of Asian dynasties, gradually forming a systemized repatriation system of drifting people. East Asia finally ushered in a peaceful coexistence of the sea.