제주 방언의 상대높임법에 대한 고찰

Abstract

Many linguists have been interested in the honorifics in Jeju dialect for its uniquely different linguistic features from other dialects. However, despite of their efforts, they have not clarified the universally and logically accepted linguistic system of Jeju dialect. One of the reasons is because presumably it has been difficult to identify the true characteristics of Jeju dialect whose relationship with other general linguistic theories of Korean language has been ironically neglected as the particularity of Jeju dialect was emphasized. Therefore, this study identifies the specific aspects of Jeju dialect and true characteristics of Jeju dialect by examining how relevant Jeju dialect is to the general features appearing in Korean, given that Jeju dialect is subclass of Korean. For this purpose, based on a diachronic study on how the medieval Korean language had been changed to influence Jeju dialect, I have identified the original form of the grammatical morpheme in Jeju dialect by examining, through what phonological process, grammatical morphemes of Jeju dialect have been projected into the present form. In addition, I analyzed grammatical morphemes as many as possible when grammatical qualities were found in any specific word ending in order to examine the pattern in word ending by the rank of honorifics in the Jeju dialect which has been formulated in different forms by termination in a sentence. Chapter 2 looks at '-u / -su-, -b- / - eup-' and '-mahsseum' as representative forms of honorifics in the Jeju dialect. '-u / -su-, the pre-final endings of honorifics in Jeju dialect can be integrated directly into not verb stem but adjective stem or predicative affix 'be'. Either '-u-' or '-su-' is accordingly selected as phonologically two different forms, depending on whether the phoneme immediately before '-u-' /'-su-' ends with a vowel or consonant. The reason why '-u / -su-' are integrated into only adjective stem or predicative postposition, not verb stem, is arguably that '-u-' and '-su-' are the forms that have appeared in the process of being combined with the respectful pre-final ending '-zahp-' and '-sahp-' and that the present tense pre-final ending'-nah-' and the past recall pre-final ending'-deo-' were not used. Unlike showing respect with '-u- / -su-' and '-b- / -eup-', '- mahsseum' is tagged onto final ending or substantives, adverb and connection ending. Similarly, '- yang, -ye' are assistant affix showing respect. I have found that '- yang, - ye' have been used in response to the standard Korean 'yo' while '- yang, -ye' show exclamation or play a role of assistant affix to express respect. In addition, typical forms of question final endings in Jeju dialect such as '-ga', '-kka', '-gwa', '-kkwa' have been influenced by 's' in the middle age Korean -nanitga ', ' -naniitga ' which have possibly coexisted in form of '-ga' and '-kka'. Based on such finding- '-ga' and '- kka' as the basic form of the question [+ respect] final ending in the Jeju dialect, '-kkwa' is classified as question final ending with the intention of respect. Chapter 3 reviews existing articles on the rating system of honorifics in Jeju dialect to clarify and solve problems in classification; in use of the [formality] in standard Korean, the rating system of honorifics in Jeju dialect is reorganized as four classes: '-hahpsoe' form with prefinal ending '-su - / -u-, -b- / - eup-' to express respect; 'hayeomasseum' form in combination with the assistant affix, 'masseum' to express respect and formality; '-hara' form to express respect and formality if no sign of respect and unable to combine with 'masseum'; and '-hahyeo' form to express respect and formality if no sign of respect and able to combine with 'masseum'. Chapter 4 discusses the declarative final endings '-ge, -kke, and -da', all of which are used in '–hapsoe' form and a morpheme appearing before such endings determines which is followed. Likewise, the question final ending '-ga, -ka' are also discussed as morphologically different type, and '-seo' has been used in the form of imperative final ending. Particularly, against the existing views that '- eupjoo, - bjoo -' are used in the form of 'hahpseo' propositive ending, '- eupjoo, -bjoo' are reclassified as hahge form to show high respect in standard Korean as [+respect] function of '- eup, -b-' used in '- eupjoo, -bjoo' has been weakened to be diminished. In order to give the qualities of [+respect], it is concluded that the 'hahpseo' propositive ending does not exist as '- masseum' needs to be combined to express as ' –eupjoomasseum, -bjoomasseum'. I have found that the final endings '- nye, - da, - ah' connected to the indicative mood are used in the declarative ending '-hara' form, '-ra' in the recall mood and '-eo' in the presumption and intention mood. In this process, complementing the existing view to interpret the final ending '- nye' as '- ni' of the declarative mood and '-e-' of the final ending, in this paper, I define 'nye' as a single morpheme because '-nye' is solely connected not to the conjugated stem but to the declarative morpheme '- n -'. In addition, Revising the existing view that analyzed the word ending '-kiyeo' used in the presumption as'-k-' in the presumption and final ending '-yeo-', I assume that there must have '-eo' been used as '-yeo' following the vowel 'ee' for avoidance of hiatus, and define '-eo', not '-yeo' as the presumption final ending form. As for the 'hara' question final ending form, '-nya', '-nye', '-ah' is suggested to express the declarative mood, '-nya, -nye' for the recall mood, '-nya' 'ni' for presumption and '-dia(dya), -tia(tya), -re, -di, -ti' for intention mood. During the course of identifying such findings, '-dia', '-tia', the intention final ending appears as '-dya, -tya' for phonemic contraction or transition of phoneme. Since '-tia' form does not appear except for '-r', a phonetic environment where a fortis is definitely essential, apparently '-r dia' has been changed to '-r tia' through fortis and Korean aspiration. In consideration of the grammatical trait, '-r di', '-r ti', the form of '-ah' omitted from '-r dia, -r tia', is not used in dichotomous question but only in the interrogatives. As for 'hayeo' form declarative final endings, '-(eu)ne', '-ah.-eo', '-n ge' is used in the indicative mood, '-n ge' –n geol in the recalling mood, '-ra', '-me' in the presumption, '-ra,-u, -en' in the intention method while in the question final ending, -n ga-, -n go, -ah-/-oh' in the indicative mood, and –n ga- 'n go' in the recalling mood, -n go',' ah',' –oh in presumption,'-ah, -oh, -ra, -en' in the intention mood. In this process, I examined that as for 'hayeo' question ending in Jeju dialect, '- ga /- aga' is used in the dichotomous question, '- go/ - oh' in the interrogatives, based on which, presumably considering the same usages of such endings shown in medieval Korean, 'hayeo' question ending used in Jeju dialect is originated from the question ending in medieval Korean. Also for 'hayeo' imperative ending in Jeju dialect, '-ah / - eo, -u' are used, and '-ge' for propositive ending. Similarly I have identified that 'haeyo' form shows the same principle combining the informal 'haeche' form with the assistant affix 'yo' in standard Korean to express respect.