Cosmeceutical effect of fucoidan isolated from brown seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme collected from Jeju Island

Abstract

In human, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system. Skin is outer covering of the body and plays an important immunity role because of its protective effect against pathogens. Skin undergoes chronological aging like other organs. In addition, it undergoes aging as a consequence of environmental damage because it is direct exposure to the outside environment. The environmental factors, such as chemicals, air pollution, fine dust particles, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which bring toxicity or stress to human skin and induce skin aging. In these environmental factors, UV irradiation from sunlight is the primary environmental factor that causes human skin aging and results in pigment accumulation and wrinkle formation. UV can be classified into three subtypes of UVA, UVB, and UVC, based on the wavelength. UVB has a medium wavelength and is thought to bring more cellular stress to humans compared to the other two subtypes. UVB is known to be associated with human health through stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The excessive ROS induce oxidative stress and apoptosis, as well as damage cellular components including proteins, lipids, and DNA. In addition, ROS activate cell signaling pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The activated pathways will stimulate the expression of the relative protein including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which subsequently lead to skin wrinkling and inflammation. Therefore, a ROS scavenger, NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs blocker, and MMPs inhibitor that can scavenges ROS, blocks NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs pathways, inhibits MMPs without toxicity may potentially against UVB-induced skin inflammatory and photo-damage. Natural compounds such as vitamins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and proteins isolated from terrestrial or aquatic natural resources, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, have been used medicinally throughout human history. Compounds isolated from seaweeds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and pigments, possess antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer, UV protection, and anti-wrinkle effect. In particular, polysaccharides isolated from seaweeds have been reported to possess strong bioactivities. Sargassum fulvellum, Codium fragile, and Hizikia fusiforme are the most popular edible seaweeds in Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. S. fulvellum, C. fragile, and H. fusiforme are abundantly distributed in Jeju Island. It is a rich and potential natural resource could be used as an ingredient in functional food and medicine, industries. Many reports support that S. fulvellum, C. fragile, and H. fusiforme contain various natural bioactive compounds and possess the potential to develop functional food and medicine. However, the cosmeceutical effects of these seaweeds had not been investigated so far. Therefore, in the present study, the cosmeceutical effects of these three edible seaweeds have been investigated. In the present study, S. fulvellum, C. fragile, and H. fusiforme had extracted by water, ethanol, and enzymes. The composition of seaweed extracts were analysis. In addition, the free radical scavenging activities and the commercial tyrosinase, collagenase, and elastase inhibitory effects of seaweed extracts were determined. The results indicate that enzyme-assisted extraction could improve the extraction yield comparing to water and ethanol extraction. And all seaweed extracts possess strong free radical scavenging activity, especially on alkyl and hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, the Celluclast-assisted extract of H. fusiforme contains the highest polysaccharides content and possesses strong free radical scavenging activity as well as strong tyrosinase, collagenase, and elastase inhibitory effects. Therefore, H. fusiforme was selected as target seaweed to separate polysaccharides and evaluate the cosmeceutical effects. The crude polysaccharides from Celluclast-assisted extract of H. fusiforme (HFCPS) were prepared by Celluclast-assisted hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation. HFCPS possesses potent cosmeceutical effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, whitening, UV protection, and anti-wrinkle effect. Furthermore, the Hizikia fucoidan (HFCPSF4) was separated from HFCPS. HFCPSF4 contains 99.01±0.61% sulfated polysaccharides, which comprise fucose (97.20%), rhamnose (2.09%), mannose (18.32%), and arabinose (0.38%). The cosmeceutical effects of HFCPSF4 were measured including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, whitening effect, protective effect, and anti-wrinkle effect. The results indicate that HFCPSF4 significant reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in monkey kidney fibroblast cells (Vero cells) and in zebrafish; remarkable attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in zebrafish; inhibits alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells; against UVB-induced photo-damage in keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and in zebrafish; protects UVB-induced skin wrinkling in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF cells). These results demonstrate that HFCPSF4 possesses potent cosmeceutical effects, and can be a potential ingredient in the cosmetic industry. In a conclusion, the present study demonstrates the fucoidan (HFCPSF4) isolated from crude polysaccharides from Celluclast-assisted extract of Hizikia fusiforme (HFCPS) possesses strong cosmeceutical effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, whitening, UV protection, and anti-wrinkle activity. It can be used as an ingredient in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.