미국, 한국, 스페인영화에 나타난 특정대화함축 비교분석

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find similarities and differences of implicatures among three cultures, America, Korea, and Spain through flouting maxims of conversation developed by Grice (1975). To this end, I tried to analyze and categorize patterns of conversational implicature that are in violation of Gricean four maxims of quality, quanity, relevance and manner, and to examine how each maxim functions as an interpretative framework for different implicatures. I also demonstrated how basic concepts of pragmatics, including irony, metaphor, tautology, hyperbole, indirect speech acts, humor, polite expressions, and ambiguous expressions, can be explained by conversational implicature. In Chapter 2, I reviewed Grice's theory of implicature and his concepts, types and characteristics of conversational implicature, and provided examples of English, Korean and Spanish sentences to illustrate them. As this study aimed to highlight the characteristics of each maxim and show their individual value as an interpretative framework, I limited the scope of this study to implicatures that violate conversational maxims because those inferred from the hearer's pragmatic competence, not those arising from the constituents of sentences, are only within the area of pragmatics. The movies from three countries were used to present actual examples of conversational implicature classifying and analyzing its type and frequency and highlighting the importance of conversational implicature in the everyday life of speakers. Twelve movies were selected as the analysis data from three countries which well involved their native speakers' daily conversation, then, turn-takings are counted through all the texts, and the turn-takings including conversational implicature are also counted to reveal the ratio. The aspect of maxim violation was found to be different in each country's movie. In addition, when analyzing frequency of maxim violation, American movies showed the highest violation of maxim of quality, followed by quantity and most ratio violation of relevance. On the other hand, the lowest violation of the relevance of the US films was the highest violation in Spanish films. In the case of Korean films, similar to the United States, the flouting maxim of quality was the highest, followed by that of relevance and quantity, and the lowest rate was violation of relevance. There were several examples related to more than two Gricean maxims at the same time, of which conversational implicature by both the maxim of relation and quantity has the largest portion. It was shown that the conversational implicature is not rare but common in three countries. The people know the violation of conversational maxims and understand the intention of speakers clearly. Despite their knowledge about the violation of conversational maxims, the violation occurred in their communication. It is significant that this study applied the theoretical arguments to the actual language data and tried to analyze the aspects of the maxim violation and the implicature of three countries by analyzing the films which contain each culture. This shows that it is possible to understand more about elements other than language in this globalized world. Until now, there have been several studies of one's own nation's maxim violation analysis, the analysis of the maxim violation of Korea and the US, and the comparative studies of the violations of the U.S. and the U.K. In this alternative study, however, I tried to study various inter-cultural aspects about conversational implicature.