새만금에 도래하는 수금류의 월동이동생태에 관한 연구

Abstract

From 2012 to 2018, the total number of individual observed was of 158,621 and were of 24 species at Mankyung river. The most dominant species is mallard(Anas platyrhynchos) with 28.8%, followed by Greater Scaup, white-fronted goose, tufted ducke and spot-billed duck. Analysis of annual arrival status by category group showed that wild goose species have been declining every year but in recent years their number is increasing but since 2011 the dabbling duck species has been decreasing year by year. Diving duck species show the higher significant variation in migration but tend to increase as a result. The waterflows starts their arrival from mid-October and peaked at the end of December. They tends to leave the Mangyeon river from early march. Dabbling duck that share a similar ecological habits showed a similar tendency to arrive. According to analysis, the wintering home range, by attaching a location tracker to three specise of waterfowls. The average home range of mallard was of MCP 628.9㎢, and the average of KDE 50% was of 71.9 ㎢. The wintering home range of spot-billed duck was of MCP 51.1㎢, the average of KDE 50% was of 4.5㎢. The winter migratory home range of pintail was of MCP 1,175.0㎢, the average of KDE 50% was of 114.5㎢. Overall, it was found to be using the Saemangeum area during the wintering season. The three main habitats were the highest rate of Hydrosphere use by three species, with an average of 47.0%, followed by main feed sites of waterfowls is Rice field. More than 5 percent of inland wetland is used by mallard and spot-billed duck where as the pintail use 8 percent of coastal and ocean water, which show the difference in use of habitat between these species. All three species take a rest in Hydrosphere during the day and eat in the Rice field at night. Analysis of monthly movement pattern showed that the maximum distance traveled betweenmallards and pintails ducks increased until early December, and decreased from late January to early February. The maximum moving distance by spot-billed duck increased at the end of December and decrease after early January continuously. All three species showed a tendency to rise again after early February. The monthly home range of mallard and pintail is similar till January, after this month the mallard home range become narrow where as the pintail increase its home range. The spot-billed duck tend to show narrower home range after January. Comparing to overall winter home range, area used by spot-billed duck and mallard is narrow, where as pintail is higher. The daily moving distance analysis showed that all species had the longest travel distance between 16:00 and 18:00, followed by 6:00 to 8:00 section, they have the similar pattern of flight. It was found that the moving distance by time was larger in pintail followed by the order of mallard, spot-billed duck. The moving distance during day appears to be longer as compare to night and they move a shorter distance during the dawn(0:00-06:00). Analysis of hourly distance travel in mallards and pintail by dividing sex show that males generally travel a longer distance than females overall. Waterfowls starts moving north between mid-march and late of April, but some still continue their migration till mid of may. The path for the migration route of species appears to be different according to the individuals and they selected the habitat in the northeastern region of china mainly. The pintail moved a distance of 2,132.6㎞ to breed to Sakhalin, Russia. As for latitude, the breeding site of pintail was the highest followed by mallard, spot-billed duck. It show that mallard has 20, spot-billed duck has 8, pintail has 7 main stopover site. It showed their tendency of stay range from at least 1 till 46 days, but mostly it was found to move within 1~3 days from stop over site. The average altitude for long-haul flights was found to be 564.2 meters and maximum of 1,907 meters , and the average speed of the flight was of 75 km/h and maximum of 115 km/h in waterfowl. These water birds have their higher tendency to depart in between 16 in the afternoon and 20 in the evening. They flight at least 2 hours to 30 hours in maximum and most of their arrival time was at dawn. Overall, they starts to depart at night and tended to arrive at dawn or before 8 a.m. at the latest. In conclusion, the results are likely to be used as a variety of basic research data, including protection and restoration of species and populations of the waterfowls species and habitat management among countries.