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쇼펜하우어의 자연철학 연구

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Alternative Title
A Study on Schopenhauer's Philosophy of Nature : The Nature as the Objectification of Will and Individualization
Abstract
Schopenhauer's metaphysics of will deconstructs traditional metaphysics. The Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature based on the metaphysics of will provides a foundation for understanding the dynamic structure of natural phenomena. Based on the metaphysics of will Schopenhauer emphasizes that the will is not only the will that manifests itself in human, but also the principle that it governs all objects, including inorganic and organic bodies. Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature discusses the dynamic phenomena of nature while criticizing the interpretation of nature based on the dualistic theory of spirit and matter presented by traditional philosophy and the theory of natural theological purpose, and emphasizes that the various phenomena of nature are the objectification of the will through physical experience, the direct objectivity of the will. Schopenhauer, in particular, emphasizes that the same will is manifested in the various objects of nature by the principle of individualization and these objects are in a state of conflict with each other. Based on the same will and physical nature, Schopenhauer's interpretation of nature develops unique discussions on the essence of nature while deconstructing the interpretations of nature by ancient philosophy, modern idealism, materialism and causeology. The domestic studied on Schopenhauer philosophy were mainly discussed in relation to the subjects of philosophy of life, existential philosophy and art philosophy. These discussions well representation Schopenhauer's metaphysics of will. Besides above discussions, it is necessary to examine Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature to gain an deep understanding of his metaphysics of will because Schopenhauer defines that the whole natural phenomenon is due to objectification of the will. That is, the various phenomena that emerge from nature reveal what the nature of the will is. In this regard, this paper examines the characteristics and problems of Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature with regard to the The World as Will and 󰡔 Representation and On the Will in Nature . 󰡕 󰡔 󰡕 In the present paper it is particularly noted that Schopenhauer emphasizes conflict, confrontation and finiteness among objects in nature on the basis of metaphysics of will, and criticizes the concept of nature and the humanistic nature interpretation presented by modern and traditional philosophy, respectively. Being motivated by his emphasis and criticism, the present paper examines how Schopenhauer discusses natural phenomena as objectification of the will and the way of object existence. The present author examines the features and problems of his philosophy of nature that distinguish from the interpretation of nature in traditional philosophy, and further, examines the meaning of their existence for various objects under the control of the will in nature and human life. According to Schopenhauer, the entire nature, as well as individual natural phenomena, is the product of objectification of will. In other words, nature is an objectified single will through the principle of individualization: time and space, with an idea as a medium. The will visualizes itself in each object through idea, which is nature. The will actively reveal itself not only in inorganic and organic bodies but also in human life. According to Schopenhauer, because the will is characterized by baselessness and blind impulses, it is impossible to grasp it through a natural science explanation based on morphology or causality. Here the Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature points for interpretation of nature. Schopenhauer defines the will revealed from nature's objects as the will to life, which inevitably leads to conflict among natural objects that have the blind and impulsive will to life as their inner essence. This is because the existence of each object is governed by its will in the sense that the will itself is objectified, and the will to life requires constant struggle for survival among the objects. Of course, Schopenhauer acknowledges the teleonomy of nature. However, this teleonomy of nature highlights the superiority of the will to reveal one's presence in the population, unlike the teleonomy suggested by traditional philosophy and confirms again that all natural phenomena are due to the objectification of the will. Here it is confirmed that human life, as a part of nature, also exists only to realize the whole idea of nature, namely the preservation of species. We can see from this reference that Schopenhauer's natural philosophy rejects anthropocentricism. Schopenhauer accepts the concept Kant's intelligible and empirical character to describe the process of revealing himself in humans where the will is an object. Here the intelligible character, meaning the nature of the existence of the will itself, appears specifically to humans as an empirical character. However, according to Schopenhauer, all the empirical characters that emerge from humans as objects are governed by a intelligible character. Unlike Kant in this regard, Schopenhauer denies the existence of free will in human behavior. In other words, free will is not allowed because human empirical character is defined by intelligible character. Although human beings as individuals have an unique character acquired through experience and reflection, they are ultimately governed by their prescient personality. The acquired character is only a temporarily suspended empirical one, and is subject to a intelligible one. According to Schopenhauer, human life as an entity that makes up nature faithfully embodies the objectification of the will like inorganic matter, plants and animals in nature. Of course, not all objects in the objectification phase of will are objectified in the same way. It is true that the nature of species at each stage of objectification of the will is revealed differently, but there is no denying that their existence is ultimately due to objectification of the will. According to Schopenhauer, the positivity of the will appears as the body's positivity where reproductive impulses are given to humans as objects. The most obvious manifestation of the will to life as an individual is reproductive drive. Schopenhauer argues that this reproductive drive is for the will itself to abandon a dying object and reveal its existence in a new one. Here, reproductive drive, the ultimate expression of the will to life, are just an opportunity for the will to manifest itself. In this regard, Schopenhauer emphasizes that nature strives for the preservation of species, not for the preservation of individual. This is because species should be preserved even though certain individual dies out, and maintaining objectification of the will through this process is the reason for the existence of nature. The Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature reveals that creation and extinction of individuals and their life process are in a state of conflict. This is because, in the nature where the will is objective, each object has a homogenous characteristic caused by being governed by the will, but is in a state of persistent conflict with other objects for the sake of the will to life revealed in each individual. In addition the Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature emphasizes the finite nature of the individuals. Here, creation and extinction, birth and death, are defined as inevitable and fundamental phenomena, not only in inorganic and organic bodies but also in humans posited at the highest stage of objectification of the will. The Schopenhauer's philosophy of nature that emphasizes human finiteity is a natural conclusion from his metaphysics of will that defines all nature's individuals as a means of manifesting blind will.
Author(s)
이진영
Issued Date
2020
Awarded Date
2020. 2
Type
Dissertation
URI
http://dcoll.jejunu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000009416
Alternative Author(s)
Lee, Jin Young
Affiliation
제주대학교 대학원
Department
대학원 철학과
Advisor
이서규
Table Of Contents
I. 서론 1
전통철학과 자연해석 II. 6
고대의 자연이해 1. 6
생성되는 것으로서의 자연개념 1) 6
목적론적 자연개념 2) 14

근대의 자연이해 2. 22
실체로서의 자연개념 1) 22
합목적적 자연개념 2) 33
무차별성으로서의 자연개념 3) 39

표상세계로서의 자연해석 III. 51
세계인식과 근거율 1. 51
근거율과 표상인식 1) 51
직관적 인식과 추상적 인식 2) 61
외부세계의 실재성 3) 69

인식과 의지 2. 73
인식과 두뇌작용 1) 73
신체와 의지의 동일성 2) 79

의지와 자연해석 IV. 87
의지의 객관화로서의 자연 1. 87
의지의 객관화와 이념 1) 87
무기적 자연과 의지 2) 95
유기적 자연과 의지 3) 99
삶에의 의지와 자연 2. 103
의지의 무근거성과 개체화원리 1) 103
인간과 동물의 동근원성 2) 108
이념과 자연의 합목적성 3) 112
자연의 개체로서의 인간과 의지 V. 119
의지작용과 인간의 성격 1. 119
의욕과 동기 1) 119
예지적 성격과 경험적 성격 2) 122
획득적 성격 3) 131

의지와 인간의 본성 2. 135
삶에의 의지의 긍정과 생식충동 1) 135
자연의 이념과 종의 보존 2) 140
개체의 유한성과 의지의 부정 3) 146

결론 VI. 153
참고 문헌 159
ABSTRACT 171
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
제주대학교 대학원
Citation
이진영. (2020). 쇼펜하우어의 자연철학 연구
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