고려말-조선전기 寺院 製紙手工業 硏究

Abstract

Since the beginning, Goryeo operated state-led paper handicraft manufacturing sites led by the government office and jiso (紙所, paper manufacturing sites) in response to the increasing demand of paper. However, as the national budget decreased due to the collapse of Jeonsigwa (stipend land law during the Joseon Dynasty) from the 12th century, the state-led paper handicraft manufacturing sites began to decay and became obsolete. Meanwhile, the temple handicraft manufacturing industry originally aimed to supply necessities needed at temples, such as Buddhist implements or other daily tools. However, in the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, the industry grew based on the substantial economic capital that came from temple farms, and by absorbing experts who had left state-led manufacturing sites. Although the state-led sites could not function properly in the late Goryeo Dynasty, the demand of paper from both the government and private sectors increased. As such, temples were actively engaged in paper manufacturing to meet the demand. The temple paper handicraft manufacturing industry, whose function and scale were expanding in the late Goryeo Dynasty, faced an era of change with the establishment of Joseon. The Joseon government confiscated the wealth and manpower of temples under the ideology of Eokbulsungyu (抑佛崇儒, controlling Buddhism and respecting Confucianism), and aimed to meet the increasing supply of paper by restoring the collapsed system of state-led handicraft manufacturing. With jojiso (造紙所, government paper manufacturing sites) at the center, gwanyeong jiso (官營紙所, local paper manufacturing sites) was established in each local area. By assigning jijang (紙匠, paper artisans) in each gwanyeong jiso, Joseon was able to develop the Gyeongoe jijang (京外紙匠, paper artisans outside of the capital) system. In the process, some of those who worked at temples were recruited as gwangongjang (官工匠, official artisans). In addition, even after the state-led paper manufacturing industry system was fully established, the Joseon government mobilized Buddhist monks for large-scale national printing, and used temples as paper handicraft manufacturing sites. The government also took great advantages of the paper manufacturing techniques and facilities of temples by imposing paper and paper mulberry as tribute on them and mobilizing monks into gwanyeong jiso. The temple paper manufacturing industry during the early Joseon Dynasty holds significance as it successfully inherited the traditional paper manufacture industry of Goryeo, and sufficiently met the demand of paper in the country until Gyeongguk Daejeon (經國大典, Great Code of Administration) came into effect. In addition, the temple paper manufacturing industry has great historical significance as it became the cornerstone of the factory system during the Joseon Dynasty, and had a large role in the growth of the handicraft industry.